Research Paper
Ebrahim Danesh; Faramarz Jalalat
Abstract
Studying literary and cultural interactions between nations is one of the scientific ways of examining the extent and the ways of their intertextual presence of linguistic, cultural, and intellectual elements in each other's literary texts. The intertextual study of ancient Greek and Iranian literary ...
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Studying literary and cultural interactions between nations is one of the scientific ways of examining the extent and the ways of their intertextual presence of linguistic, cultural, and intellectual elements in each other's literary texts. The intertextual study of ancient Greek and Iranian literary texts can show the extent and the ways of their literary, intellectual, and cultural exchange. One of the most important manifestations of cultural interactions between Iran and Greece is the manifestation of ancient Greek scholars' educational, moral, and social ideas in Qaboosnameh. This paper has analyzed intertextual interactions of Qaboosnameh based on the theory of Gerard Genette using a descriptive-comparative method and concluded that the multitude of ethical and social issues obtained from the ancient Greek scholars in Qaboosnameh illustrates the importance of ethics in the individual and social well-being of the ancient Greek and the attention of Iranian men of letters to this land as one of the important origins of world democracy. Onsorolma? Ali’s prominent attention to Plato's wisdom stems from his utopian thinking in Qaboosnameh, influenced by the teachings of ancient Greece and the knowledge of various civilizations of mankind. The high frequency of implicit intertextuality especially literary translation and allusion is in accordance with the high literary quality of Qaboosnameh and the frequency of explicit intertextuality especially quotations and proverbs prove Onsorma? Ali’s honesty, high wisdom, strong memory, and explicit reference to scholars of Greece persuade the readers.
Research Paper
philosophy
Mohammad Ali Ashouri Kisomi
Abstract
This research aims to criticize the approach that considers the solution to the ethical challenges of artificial intelligence (AI) to be only in design and technical improvements. Some researchers consider the ethical challenges in AI to be convergent, which emerge with the advent of AI systems and are ...
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This research aims to criticize the approach that considers the solution to the ethical challenges of artificial intelligence (AI) to be only in design and technical improvements. Some researchers consider the ethical challenges in AI to be convergent, which emerge with the advent of AI systems and are resolved with technical progress and improvements. In the discussions of the ethics of AI, issues such as privacy and transparency have been the focus of most studies. In the present research, using the analytical-critical method, the convergence between transparency and privacy in machine learning systems was investigated, and the approach that limits the resolution of ethical challenges to AI design was criticized. The research findings indicate that there is no convergence between the ethical challenges of AI. Additionally, by raising three challenges of quantification, technical limitations, and meta-ethical issues, the criticism of approaches that rely solely on design and technical improvements was addressed. The results also indicates that it is not possible to respond to the ethical challenges of AI only by relying on design, and there is a need to use other methods such as legislation or progress in other sciences in addition to attention to design.
Research Paper
philosophy
mohammad saied abdollahi; Mohsen Javadi; Muhammad Legenhausen
Abstract
In his reflections on certainty and his epistemological analyses, Wittgenstein mentions propositions that he calls "hinge propositions". What role do these propositions play in Wittgenstein's epistemological system? What are their characteristics and how many types are there? What is their difference ...
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In his reflections on certainty and his epistemological analyses, Wittgenstein mentions propositions that he calls "hinge propositions". What role do these propositions play in Wittgenstein's epistemological system? What are their characteristics and how many types are there? What is their difference or similarity with other definite propositions such as mathematical propositions? The mentioned items are some of the questions that we will address in this article. According to Wittgenstein, when we reach these propositions, doubt loses its meaning. These propositions are like hinges around which our beliefs revolve. Hinge propositions do not give us knowledge, but they build the basis of knowledge. They are not ordinary propositions because properties such as knowability, being justified or unjustified, being true or false do not have meaning about them. These propositions are the criteria of truth and falsity. In this article after clarifying the concept of hinged propositions, we will enumerate their different types and examine Wittgenstein's claims about propositions. Also, we have tried to show Wittgenstein's meaning by making such propositions and finally we try to criticize his point of view.
Research Paper
philosophy
Afshin Alikhani Dehqi; Mohammad Meshkat; Mohammad javad Safian
Abstract
In his Phenomenology of the Spirit, Hegel tries to explicate his claim that what he calls the System of Science should be organized merely through the "Life of Concept". In this paper, first, we will try to survey the role(s) Hegel assigns to the Concept in Phenomenology of Spirit. Then, we will examine ...
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In his Phenomenology of the Spirit, Hegel tries to explicate his claim that what he calls the System of Science should be organized merely through the "Life of Concept". In this paper, first, we will try to survey the role(s) Hegel assigns to the Concept in Phenomenology of Spirit. Then, we will examine his use of this term in Phenomenology of the Spirit and we will discuss the meanings of this term in that book. Thereafter We will discuss whether in Phenomenology of the Spirit, Concept is finite (as we have seen in Kant's philosophy) and whether it is limited to an external limit or not, and eventually we will try to show that in Phenomenology of Spirit, the absolute knowledge should be understood not as attaining a pure and simple static truth, but it must be understood as infinite unity of Concept and in fact as infinite movement of it. In fact, drawing on the interpretations of Pippin, Houlgate, and Stern, we argue that in contrast to the prevailing interpretations in contemporary Hegel studies, at the end of the Phenomenology of Spirit, it is the concept that becomes absolute, not consciousness.
Research Paper
philosophy
Assadollah Fallahi
Abstract
I aim to demonstrate that this distinction between the logics of ḥaqīqī and khārijī propositions is incompatible with the history of logic in the Islamic world. This is because Sinawi logicians examined the relationship between ḥaqīqī and khārijī propositions and mixed ḥaqīqī-khārijī ...
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I aim to demonstrate that this distinction between the logics of ḥaqīqī and khārijī propositions is incompatible with the history of logic in the Islamic world. This is because Sinawi logicians examined the relationship between ḥaqīqī and khārijī propositions and mixed ḥaqīqī-khārijī syllogisms. It is clear that we cannot express the relationships among and mixtures of some propositions in two different logics and we have to do it in a unified logic. To solve this problem, it seems that the language and theory of classical and free predicate logics should be strengthened in a way that allows for expressing and proving relationships among, and mixtures of ḥaqīqī and khārijī propositions. To this end, there are at least three possible approaches: first, combining classical and free predicate logics; second, strengthening classical predicate logic by adding the predicate of "khārijī existence"; and third, strengthening free logic by adding "modal logic". We will see that the first approach is successful, and in the second approach, it is possible to define khārijī propositions in terms of ḥaqīqī ones by strengthening classical predicate logic. However, in the third approach, it is not possible to define ḥaqīqī propositions in terms of khārijī propositions by strengthening free predicate logic. Therefore, we conclude that the modal approach to analyzing ḥaqīqī and khārijī propositions, as previously used, is incomplete or imprecise and must be completed or precisized, based on one of the two approaches presented in this article.
Research Paper
philosophy
Hanieh sadat zendehbad; Mohammad Mansour Falamaki; abdolkarim rashidian; shadi azizi
Abstract
Houses and Museums mutually serve as memory narrators. Unlike goods and objects and the modern identity "idolatry", both are susceptible to opening up a dynamic world. This dynamism is on the verge and they are positioned in the context of flowing experiences in time and space. Comparatively, visitors ...
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Houses and Museums mutually serve as memory narrators. Unlike goods and objects and the modern identity "idolatry", both are susceptible to opening up a dynamic world. This dynamism is on the verge and they are positioned in the context of flowing experiences in time and space. Comparatively, visitors to a museum extend the energy that is mixed with the museum's interior space and take it with them when they leave. The pleasures of museums are transient: Threshold. But we reside in our house. Except when we are guests and must move. When it comes to significant human subjects, this challenge is frequently combined with a component of memory that, in many cases, involves the absence or lack of a stimulating factor. As a result, whenever these memories are retrieved, they are recreated in a different manner. This revision in translational constructs is the completion of a number of unfinished ones that occur to us as a result of our varied and conflicting encounters with language and culture. This welcoming verge to the target language is an invitation from unknown factors of the source language. A long-standing interaction has existed between homes and museums. The study of translation theory can therefore aid in gaining an understanding of the foundations of critical theories held by the architectural community with philosophical expertise. This study aims to apply Derrida's strategy of deconstruction to analyze an original and translated text in the language, considering that every piece of architecture may serve as a written text.
Research Paper
philosophy
Farzad Kiani; parvaneh Valavi; Sayyid Jalal Hashemi; Masoud SafaieMoqaddam
Abstract
Fichte, in his later philosophy, by establishing God as the criterion of morality, wants to form a link between morality and Bildung, which will lead to excellence and prosperity in people's lives. In order to get rid of Cartesian dualism and unlike Spinoza, who considers nature to be the essence of ...
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Fichte, in his later philosophy, by establishing God as the criterion of morality, wants to form a link between morality and Bildung, which will lead to excellence and prosperity in people's lives. In order to get rid of Cartesian dualism and unlike Spinoza, who considers nature to be the essence of everything, Fichte considers God or "one" to be a pure existence that manifests life in the world with the light it shines on existence. In fact, for Fichte, God is seen in the emanation of that simple light that can reveal life and harmony in existence while being absolute. Basically, late Fichte considers the life and unity formed in the world to be dependent on God or absolute light. As a result, if people want to be united as "one" in life, they must achieve unity through a bildung, whose axis is morality. In principle, the creation of comprehensive unity and the understanding of God as the criterion of morals and the creator of life are two main vocation of man in Fichte's late philosophy. The main goal of the article is to clarify to what extent Fichte's ontological turn from the centrality of subjectivity to God was influential in his redefinition of the concept of bildung as a universal unity.
Research Paper
philosophy
Shervin Moghimi
Abstract
The Socratic political philosophy is aimed at educating the competent souls to return to the best way of life, the philosophical way of life. The Platonic version of this way of life implies a narrow meaning, so that it cannot be achieved except through negating the political way of life as a naturally ...
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The Socratic political philosophy is aimed at educating the competent souls to return to the best way of life, the philosophical way of life. The Platonic version of this way of life implies a narrow meaning, so that it cannot be achieved except through negating the political way of life as a naturally limited one. But the Socratic political philosophy is not restricted to the Platonic narrative. In the 7th book of the Politics, Aristotle contrives a plan of Socratic political philosophy that, according to him, can solve the insufficiency of the Platonic version. There, Aristotle tries to expand the meaning of the philosophical way of life to such an extent that it can be considered as a set of teachings of the best regime. In other words, in the Aristotelian narrative, there is an explicit reference to the desirability of the political way of life, while the Socratic purpose is not lost. This article is an effort to clarify this narrative and reflect on the most important Socratic moments in the 7th book of Aristotle's Politics.
Research Paper
philosophy
Ahmadreza Nourmohammadi; Mahdi Momeninia
Abstract
Semmelweis's research method in identifying the cause of puerperal fever in mothers has attracted the attention of philosophers of science for several decades. Some have used the reasonableness of the Semmelweis method to compare scientific methodology, and some have used this research to describe and ...
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Semmelweis's research method in identifying the cause of puerperal fever in mothers has attracted the attention of philosophers of science for several decades. Some have used the reasonableness of the Semmelweis method to compare scientific methodology, and some have used this research to describe and evaluate scientific inference. However, despite the special attention paid to Semmelweis's research, there is still no consensus to explain his methodology.In this article, after introducing the research of Semmelweis, we address the challenging question of whether the description of inference through the best explanation of Lipton and Holmesian inference-Bird's is sufficient in the reasonable reconstruction of the stages of Semmelweis's research. Is the inferential method of Semmelweis in finding the best explanation for the cause of puerperal fever consistent with the description of Lipton and Bird?The results of the present research show that the description of Lipton and Bird is insufficient in the reasonable reconstruction of the research stages of Semmelweis Because their description of the stages of Semmelweis's research is not compatible with historical documents. However, according to Schupbach's approach, we argued that the ineffectiveness of a case example does not indicate the unreasonableness of an inference in general. Therefore, we concluded that despite the interest of Lipton and Bird, Semmelweis's research will not be a good historical example for the justification of inference through the best explanation and Holmesian inference. Semmelweis's case is the worst example for the best justification of it.
