نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

• فهیمه خوشنویسان

دکتری فلسفه دین، دانشگاه تهران، مرکز تحصیلات تکمیلی تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

شوپنهاور رنج را به‌عنوان یکی از ویژگی‌های بنیادی و اجتناب‌ناپذیر وجود انسان معرفی می‌کند که ناشی از اراده‌ای کور و بی‌هدف است. این اراده هیچ‌گاه به پایان نمی‌رسد و همواره در جستجوی ارضای تمایلات و خواسته‌های انسان است. در این نگاه، هرگونه میل و خواسته‌ای که انسان‌ها تجربه می‌کنند، به‌طور هم‌زمان با رنجی همراه است، زیرا این خواسته‌ها هرگز به‌طور کامل ارضا نمی‌شوند و تنها به ایجاد خواسته‌های جدید می‌انجامند. شوپنهاور معتقد است که این چرخه‌ی بی‌پایان خواسته‌ها و ارضا نشدن آن‌ها که ناشی از اراده است، تنها منبع اصلی رنج‌های بشری است. او آموزه‌های زاهدانه و نفی اراده را به‌عنوان حس رهایی معرفی می‌کند، این مقاله در چارچوب روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی به بررسی نگاه شوپنهاور به دین می‌پردازد و نشان می‌دهد که چگونه دین در نظر او می‌تواند تسلی‌بخش باشد، اما به‌طور هم‌زمان محدود و توهمی است. هدف مقاله این است که باوجود بدبینی عمیق شوپنهاور به هستی، موضع او نسبت به کارکرد دین چگونه است. نتیجه به‌دست‌آمده این است که شوپنهاور موضعی میانه دارد: او دین را نه کاملاً رد می‌کند و نه آن را به‌عنوان حقیقت بنیادین می‌پذیرد، بلکه دین را به‌عنوان یک ابزار اجتماعی و روان‌شناختی در نظر می‌گیرد، نه یک حقیقت مطلق متافیزیکی.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• شوپنهاور
• دین
• رهایی
• اراده
• بدبینی فلسفی

موضوعات

• فلسفه

عنوان مقاله [English]

Schopenhauer's View of Religion: Religion as a Means of Liberation from Suffering

نویسنده [English]

• Khoshnevisan Khoshnevisan

PhD in Philosophy of Religion, Payame Noor University, Tehran Postgraduate Education ,Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction

Arthur Schopenhauer introduces suffering as a fundamental and inevitable feature of human existence, which is caused by a blind and aimless will. In his philosophy, Schopenhauer introduces the concept of will as the core of human experience and the main source of suffering. In Schopenhauer's view, the will to live is not only a vital force that drives living beings towards their survival, but also the main factor in creating endless suffering in humans. According to Schopenhauer, this will is inherently unconscious and blind and always seeks objects and goals that can never be fully achieved; hence, humans are always in an unpleasant and painful situation. In this context, religion is presented as a means to reduce and alleviate this suffering. Schopenhauer sees religion not as a metaphysical truth, but as a social and psychological function that humans take refuge in in order to escape the suffering of life.
He introduces ascetic teachings and the negation of the will as a way to escape from the suffering of the world. The best way to escape from suffering is to deny material desires and negate the will, which is manifested in religious asceticism and austerity. He considers suffering to be the result of the endless desires of the will and sees the path to liberation in asceticism, art, and compassion.
Schopenhauer, influenced by Buddhism and ascetic Christianity, introduces asceticism as a way to free oneself from the bondage of the will and ultimately achieve peace. In Schopenhauer's view, various religions, especially those that emphasize ascetic teachings and the disregard of worldly desires, can act as a means of liberation from the will and the suffering that comes with it. In religious teachings such as Buddhism, Hinduism, and Christianity, concepts such as "self-denial", "annihilation in God", or "liberation from the material world" are proposed as ways to escape the endless cycle of will and suffering. In these teachings, the denial of individual desires and the effort to reach a higher, metaphysical truth allow the individual to be free from the suffering of the will and achieve a kind of "peace". For example, in Christianity, the concept of salvation through self-sacrifice and following spiritual teachings can free people from inner conflicts and suffering caused by the will. Similarly, in Buddhism, teachings such as meditation and the attainment of nirvana (liberation from the cycle of birth and death) aim to destroy worldly desires and free them from will.
Schopenhauer has a dual view of religion: from a practical point of view, he sees religion as a useful tool for reducing suffering, promoting asceticism, and creating social order. From a metaphysical point of view, he sees religion as a kind of illusion and symbolic representation of truth that is convenient for non-philosophers, but lacks scientific and rational value. Thus, he affirms religion as a social and moral reality, but does not accept it as a metaphysical truth. Schopenhauer believes that art, religion, and philosophy can all help reduce suffering, but each has its own role and place. Art and religion are more consoling for the masses, while philosophy offers a deeper understanding of suffering and the ultimate ways to escape it. However, he sees the role of these three areas as complementary to each other. The conflict between Schopenhauer's philosophical pessimism and the function of religion is that religion attempts to justify and console suffering, while Schopenhauer's philosophy seeks to accept the bitter truth of suffering and find a way to truly escape from it. Although he understands the moral and social value of religion, he sees it as an illusion that hides the truth. Consequently, although religion is a comfort to many people, Schopenhauer believes that only true asceticism and the denial of the will are the ultimate path to freedom from suffering, and he believes that all of them can ultimately lead man to peace and liberation. Comparing Schopenhauer's view of religion with other philosophers shows that he is situated in the midst of a spectrum of different opinions. Unlike Kant, who links religion with ethics, Schopenhauer sees ethics as independent of religion. Unlike Nietzsche, who sees religion as the enemy of life, Schopenhauer accepts it as a means to reduce suffering. Unlike Spinoza, who aligns religion with pantheistic philosophy, Schopenhauer analyzes religion in terms of blind will. Unlike Kierkegaard, who sees faith as a way to escape suffering, Schopenhauer sees the negation of will as the main way to liberation.
This comparison shows that Schopenhauer has a middle position: he neither rejects religion completely (like Nietzsche), nor accepts it as a fundamental truth (like Kierkegaard or Spinoza). Rather, he analyzes it as a means to reduce suffering, but at the same time an illusion.
So far, the book: Schopenhauer's Philosophy by Abolghasem Zakirzadeh and numerous articles (such as "Asceticism as a Path to Salvation in Schopenhauer's Philosophy" by Fatemeh Bakhtiari and "Metaphysics of the Common People" by Amir Abbas Solikhani and Hedayat Alavi Tabar) related to Schopenhauer's thought have been written. Since no independent research has been conducted on Schopenhauer's view of religion in Persian, the present article aims to address Schopenhauer's view of religion as a means to get rid of suffering by studying his works such as "The World as Will and Imagination". This article seeks to examine Schopenhauer's view of religion and analyze how religion is used as a means of escape from suffering. This article, within the framework of the descriptive-analytical method and focusing on Schopenhauer's main works, especially "The World as Will and Imagination", examines Schopenhauer's view of religion as a means of getting rid of suffering and shows how religion, in his view, can be consoling, but at the same time, it is limited and illusory. Therefore, Schopenhauer has a middle position: he neither completely rejects religion nor accepts it as a fundamental truth, but rather analyzes it as a means to reduce suffering. Schopenhauer does not see religion as a saving truth, but as a temporary means to deal with the suffering and pains of human life. Finally, Schopenhauer examines religion as a means to relieve and reduce human suffering. But his view of religion as a social and psychological phenomenon differs from the traditional views of religion as a metaphysical and spiritual truth. For Schopenhauer, religion is not only a way to achieve salvation and connection with divine truth, but also a means of escaping the suffering and pain of human life. Schopenhauer's understanding of religion as a means of escape from suffering is of particular importance, because he sees religion not as an absolute truth or a moral tool, but as a way to provide temporary solace to humans who suffer from the endless suffering of life. In this regard, Schopenhauer sees religion as a tool that humans resort to in the face of the suffering of existence and especially in the face of individual and social inadequacies. This view of religion is especially important in the modern world, which is facing spiritual and moral crises.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Suffering
• Religion
• Liberation
• Will
• Philosophical Pessimism