نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار فلسفه علم، مؤسسة پژوهشی حکمت و فلسفة ایران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

یکی از مفاهیم کلیدی در اندیشة تامس کوهن (1922-1996)، فیلسوف و مورخ علم شهیر آمریکایی، «ناهم‌سنجگی» (incommensurability) است. به‌طورکلی، ناهم‌سنجگی به دو دستة روش‌شناختی (methodologic) و معناشناختی (semantic) تقسیم می‌شود. ناهم‌سنجگی روش‌شناختی ناظر به تغییر معیارهای (Standard Variance) ارزیابی و توجیه نظریه، از نظریه‌ای به نظریة دیگر است و ناهم‌سنجگی معناشناختی ناظر به تغییر معناشناختی (Semantic Variance) اصطلاحات به‌کاررفته در نظریه از نظریه‌ای به نظریة دیگر است. این انگارة کوهن منبع الهام تازه‌ای برای آموزه‌های نسبی‌انگارانه در فلسفه ـ دربارة صدق و معرفت ـ بوده است. تمرکز این مقاله بر ارتباط‌های ممکن میان ناهم‌سنجگی و آموزه‌های نسبی‌انگارانه برحسب رابطة استلزام منطقی است. ازاین‌رو، پرسش اساسی آن است که آیا اِمکان برقراری ارتباطی منطقی میان این انگاره و نسبی‌انگاری وجود دارد یا خیر. در بخش آخر، انواع ارتباط‌های منطقی میان ناهم‌سنجگی معناشناختی و روش‌شناختی با نسبی‌انگاری صدق و معرفت برحسب شرایط لازم و کافی با استفاده از استلزام منطقی ارائه می‌شود. سپس تلاش می‌شود هرکدام از گزاره‌های حاصل‌شده تحلیل و بررسی شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Thomas Kuhn’s Incommensurability and Relativism

نویسنده [English]

  • Hassan Amiriara

Assistant Professor of Philosophy of Science, Iranian Institute of Philosophy, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

One of the central notions in Thomas Kuhn’s thought is the notion of incommensurability. Generally, we can distinguish two kinds of incommensurability: methodological and semantic incommensurability. The methodological incommensurability is the thesis that the standards of theory appraisal are themselves theory-dependent. So, some kind of standard variance can be recognized at the level of theory appraisal. On the other hand, semantic incommensurability seems to imply semantic variation between theories or paradigms, regarding the terms occurring in them. These two kinds of dependencies have been employed in support of two forms of relativism: truth relativism and epistemic relativism. The main focus of this paper is on the possible relations that one can depict between incommensurability and these two kinds of relativism. First, I outline possible connections articulated by sufficient and necessary conditions. After that, I attempt to assess the viability of the resulting propositions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Methodological Incommensurability
  • Semantic Incommensurability
  • Truth Relativism
  • Epistemic Relativism
  • Theory Choice
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