Research Paper
philosophy
Sara Asadpour; Morad Yari dehnavi; Fatemeh Rezayi
Abstract
this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the nature of dialogue in Richard Rorty's thought and deducing the principles and methods of education based on dialogue.Method: To investigate the nature of dialogue in Rorty's thought, the method of transcendental logical analysis was used, ...
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this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the nature of dialogue in Richard Rorty's thought and deducing the principles and methods of education based on dialogue.Method: To investigate the nature of dialogue in Rorty's thought, the method of transcendental logical analysis was used, and then the method of practical syllogism was used to deduce the principles and methods of education. Results: The results showed that the logical assumptions of dialogue, in Rorty's thought which arereadiness to receive and openness of mind, suspending assumptions and evaluating them, a calm atmosphere and away from violence, full of respect and acceptance of others, having critical thinking, interest in creating meaning, determination of moral rules, try to spread justice And then with the method of practical syllogism, the principles of tolerance, tolerance, flexibility, persuasion without force and imposing opinions, justice and social equality, mutual and effective participation in determining the moral rules of society, cultivating critical thinking and creativity was concluded. And in order to implement the principles mentioned by the teachers, appropriate methods for each principle were deduced.
Research Paper
philosophy
Asghar Vaezi; Parvin Izadi
Abstract
In his hermeneutic theory, E.D. Hirsch emphasizes the issue of validity in text interpretation. Consequently, he links the understanding of a text's meaning with the comprehension of the author's intended meaning as the criterion of truth. According to Hirsch, since meaning is once determined by the ...
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In his hermeneutic theory, E.D. Hirsch emphasizes the issue of validity in text interpretation. Consequently, he links the understanding of a text's meaning with the comprehension of the author's intended meaning as the criterion of truth. According to Hirsch, since meaning is once determined by the author's intent, the meaning of a text is the same as the author's intended meaning, which has the capability of being transferred and shared with other readers. Moreover, because every statement has a reciprocal relationship with meaning and interpretation, interpreting a text requires awareness of the structure of language and the conditions under which it was formed. Hirsch thus aims to defend the author's intent in text interpretation based on advancements in linguistics and philosophy of language. He introduces the concept of genre as one of the fundamental principles and guides for understanding the author's intended meaning. Accordingly, Hirsch develops a methodology for finding meaning through genre-based inference. This paper, using a descriptive-analytical approach, examines Hirsch’s concept of genre. It first seeks to elucidate Hirsch's argument regarding the use of genre in achieving the author's intent, and then it will review and evaluate Hirsch’s idea of genre in his hermeneutic theory.Keywords: understanding, interpretation, genre, meaning, type.
Research Paper
philosophy
Mahdi Hafezi; Fereshteh Nabati
Abstract
In this article, we will explain and examine Saul Kripke's views on the problem of empty names, by focuing on his book Naming and Necessity. The first and more detailed section of the article discusses Kripke's ideas in depth. He begins by addressing the problems of empty names, then presents and critiques ...
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In this article, we will explain and examine Saul Kripke's views on the problem of empty names, by focuing on his book Naming and Necessity. The first and more detailed section of the article discusses Kripke's ideas in depth. He begins by addressing the problems of empty names, then presents and critiques the responses available at the time. In the next step, by distinguishing between two domains (levels) of language, he attempts to offer a solution to account for the rational use of empty names in each domain. In the developed domain, and for in-the-story uses, he uses the sentence operator “in the story,” and for outside-the-story uses, he first introduces a kind of ontology for fictional entities and then claims that these names refer to these abstract, real entities. In the undeveloped domain, in the stage of introducing these names in natural language, he appeals to a theory that is named the Pretense Theory. Finally, we encounter the suggestion to expand the use of the term "falsehood" when confronting the issue of truth value for propositions containing empty names. The second part of the article examines Kripke's views and critical responses from contemporary philosophers on his ideas.
Research Paper
philosophy
Khoshnevisan Khoshnevisan
Abstract
Schopenhauer presents suffering as a fundamental and inevitable feature of human existence, resulting from a blind and aimless will. In this framework, religion is presented as a means to reduce and alleviate this suffering. Schopenhauer sees religion not as a metaphysical truth, but as a social and ...
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Schopenhauer presents suffering as a fundamental and inevitable feature of human existence, resulting from a blind and aimless will. In this framework, religion is presented as a means to reduce and alleviate this suffering. Schopenhauer sees religion not as a metaphysical truth, but as a social and psychological function that humans take refuge in in order to escape the suffering of life. He introduces ascetic teachings and the negation of the will as a way to escape the suffering of the world. This article examines Schopenhauer's view of religion as a means of escape from suffering and shows how, for him, religion can be consoling, but at the same time it is limited and illusory. Schopenhauer therefore takes a middle position: he neither rejects religion outright nor accepts it as fundamental, but analyzes it as a means to alleviate suffering. Schopenhauer sees religion not as a saving truth, but as a temporary means to cope with the suffering and pain of human life.This article attempts to analyze Schopenhauer's view on religion and suffering more comprehensively
Research Paper
philosophy
Mahmoud Dorosti; Mohaddaseh Rezaei
Abstract
This research examines the concept of existential communication in the thought of Karl Jaspers, its importance in human life, and its role in self-awareness and existential transcendence, using the method of conceptual analysis of the type of interpretation and conceptual development. Existential communication ...
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This research examines the concept of existential communication in the thought of Karl Jaspers, its importance in human life, and its role in self-awareness and existential transcendence, using the method of conceptual analysis of the type of interpretation and conceptual development. Existential communication provides a deep philosophical framework for understanding the authentic self through interaction and interpersonal communication. In this research, the author examines Jaspers' distinction between objective communication and existential communication and emphasizes the relational and historical nature of existential communication. How existential communication protects individuality while fostering freedom and mutual understanding, the role of isolation as a prerequisite for authentic interaction, the transformative process of loving struggle between two existences, as well as Jaspers' ethical reflections, which are rooted in concrete existence instead of universal norms, are among the central topics of this research. By addressing key values such as freedom, love and decision, this research places Jaspers' ideas in a broader discourse on human existence and interpersonal relationships.
Research Paper
philosophy
Hamedeh Rastaei; Nayere Kazemi
Abstract
Predestination and discretion is one of the long-standing topics in the history of human thought. In order to solve the problem of human free will, the will as one of the main foundations of voluntary action has been the focus of philosophers. Philosophers such as Avicenna and Mulla Sadra, by rejecting ...
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Predestination and discretion is one of the long-standing topics in the history of human thought. In order to solve the problem of human free will, the will as one of the main foundations of voluntary action has been the focus of philosophers. Philosophers such as Avicenna and Mulla Sadra, by rejecting the sequence in the foundations of voluntary action, consider will to be one of the fundamentals of voluntary action and one of the things that are forced and forced, and yet they consider man to be free because he has a will, even if it is a forced will. Allameh Jafari is one of the thinkers who, with his psychological and anthropological precisions, by distinguishing volitional matters and types of human wills, considered the dominance of "I" or "human nature" to be the most important and main factor in the will. The problem of the distress of human will has been favorably explained in the analyzes of Allameh Jafari and the expression of the role of the ego or human nature in achieving the will. I or the human nature has gained more power and mastery with the increase of knowledge and awareness, as a result, the influence of algebraic factors will decrease and human agency in actions will increase. Also, in another view, with his plan for a reasonable life for humans, he places human desires on a level beyond natural and forced desires and under the shadow of rationality and conscience .
Research Paper
philosophy
Behrouz Asadi; mohammad karami
Abstract
One of the manifestations of a person's benevolence is when he decides to forgive a wrongdoer who has wronged him. Proponents of the healing view of forgiveness, due to the destructive effect of resentment, believe that forgiveness frees and strengthens both the forgiver and the forgiven. Forgiveness ...
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One of the manifestations of a person's benevolence is when he decides to forgive a wrongdoer who has wronged him. Proponents of the healing view of forgiveness, due to the destructive effect of resentment, believe that forgiveness frees and strengthens both the forgiver and the forgiven. Forgiveness is not an acquittal of the guilty, but a choice to end the cycle of revenge and leave justice in the hands of God. Meanwhile, some thinkers, including Nietzsche, based on the duality of the morality of slaves and nobles, evaluate forgiveness as a manifestation of the morality of slaves and weak people who are unable to take revenge. In his opinion, forgiveness is a cover for suppressing the feeling of resentment and a sign of weakness of character, lack of transparency, lack of social responsibility, and lack of justice. Regarding the actions of wrongdoers, Nietzsche, while emphasizing revenge, insists on active forgetting. In this article, we first attempt to clarify and explain the concept of forgiveness, distinguishing it from competing concepts such as revenge, seeking justice, apologizing, reconciliation, etc., and then, while explaining Nietzsche's perspective, we criticize and examine it and reveal the fallacy in his argument. So far, no domestic research has been conducted on the philosophical explanation of the concept of forgiveness and the evaluation of Nietzsche's perspective in particular, and this is a sign of the innovation of this article.
Research Paper
philosophy
Farzad Kiani
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to analyze the relationship between the concept of natural law and education in the thought of Leo Strauss. According to Strauss, the structure of modern philosophy is linked to the foundations of relativist and historicist thinking. This has caused the definition of the ...
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The purpose of this article is to analyze the relationship between the concept of natural law and education in the thought of Leo Strauss. According to Strauss, the structure of modern philosophy is linked to the foundations of relativist and historicist thinking. This has caused the definition of the concept of natural law as a fundamental matter in modern thinking to tend towards a materialistic and individualistic perspective. As a result, the fixed values of life have lost their place in the intellectual and moral structure of the modern era. Therefore, it is necessary to review the concept of natural law in the modern era. The review that Strauss tries to carry out is based on the foundations of pre-modern thought, in which law and nature are understood in connection with a virtuous and teleological perspective. This definition of natural law is the reason why Strauss reflects again on the natural and inherent nature of man and resorts to an educational structure to shape it, thereby returning man to his true position. Strauss redefines the perfection of modern man's individual and social life with the new formulation of nature and right that he presents in his philosophy. In this article, we attempt, with the help of an analytical-descriptive method, to first describe and explain Strauss's criticism of modern thought regarding the concept of natural right, and finally to determine its relationship with education.
Research Paper
philosophy
Ghasem Pourhasan; Arvin Moradi
Abstract
Peirce offers conflicting perspectives on the relationship between science, ethics, and religion. On one hand, he considers ethics and religion to be vital realms that can only be grasped through inner feeling and instinct; on the other hand, he occasionally adopts views that run counter to this approach. ...
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Peirce offers conflicting perspectives on the relationship between science, ethics, and religion. On one hand, he considers ethics and religion to be vital realms that can only be grasped through inner feeling and instinct; on the other hand, he occasionally adopts views that run counter to this approach. Ultimately, Peirce argues that logic is founded upon ethics, and ethics, in turn, is based on aesthetics. This paper examines the internal inconsistencies within Peirce’s philosophy, demonstrating that his attempt to separate science from ethics and religion is at odds with the overall coherence of his thought. In our analysis, we first explore the role of instinct in reasoning, alongside the concept of self-control as the guiding principle of inquiry. We show that, for Peirce, instinct forms the foundation of all reasoning and thought. However, instinct alone is insufficient—it must be regulated by certain principles. The principle governing inquiry is essentially ethical, and since, in Peirce’s view, ethics is grounded in aesthetics, the traditional boundaries between these three domains ultimately vanish. Moreover, two additional key concepts in Peirce’s philosophy—agapism and synechism—demonstrate how the world is harmonized by the force of love. Peirce envisions the universe as an interconnected whole in which distinctions between mind and matter, reason and emotion, and soul and body become untenable. Finally, we contend that although Peirce’s methodology reasonably incorporates ethics and aesthetics into scientific inquiry, his acceptance of ideas such as evolutionary love introduces a metaphysical element into his philosophy that ultimately undermines its rational foundation.
