Research Paper
philosophy
Ali Arbabi; Mohammad Raayat Jahromi
Abstract
This paper presents analysis of the cinema of Ingmar Bergman through the lens of existential philosophies. Bergman, recognized as one of the Prominent and Influential Filmmakers of the 20th century, masterfully uses the language of cinema to explore the profound and fundamental concerns of human existence. ...
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This paper presents analysis of the cinema of Ingmar Bergman through the lens of existential philosophies. Bergman, recognized as one of the Prominent and Influential Filmmakers of the 20th century, masterfully uses the language of cinema to explore the profound and fundamental concerns of human existence. His work focuses on concepts such as the search for meaning, the pervasive sense of loneliness, the inevitability of death, and the crisis of personal identity. Bergman's films, especially those dealing with themes like the meaning of life , existential anxiety, and the individual's confrontation with an overwhelming sense of emptiness, have become some of the most essential cinematic Effects of existential philosophies. philosophies that influenced by thinkers such as Heidegger, Kierkegaard and Nietzsche and grapples with concepts like human freedom, personal responsibility, choice, and the confrontation with death. This philosophical approach seeks to understand the human struggle to find meaning in an indifferent and seemingly meaningless universe and addresses the psychological and emotional crises that arise from facing these fundamental questions. This article is based on the lineages to explore the direct connections between existential ideas and Bergman's cinematic narratives, with a specific focus on his films Winter Light, Wild Strawberries, Seventh Steal and Cries and Whispers.
Research Paper
philosophy
Mohsen Bagherzadeh meskibaf; mostafa abedi jighe
Abstract
Machiavelli thinks in a situation in Italy where an exceptional situation prevails and based on the solutions of traditional and classical political thought, politics cannot not only explain this situation but also create a theory to overcome it. This new situation, which demands understanding and forming ...
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Machiavelli thinks in a situation in Italy where an exceptional situation prevails and based on the solutions of traditional and classical political thought, politics cannot not only explain this situation but also create a theory to overcome it. This new situation, which demands understanding and forming a national state in its new dimensions, requires tools, theories and ends of its own kind that can be understood outside the gravity of the traditional system of thought. Therefore, the new unique situation requires exceptional political thought, the characteristics of which include the priority of the particular contrary to habit over the general, the priority of action over opinion, the priority of the political situation over virtues and morality, and finally the priority of Virtue over the goddess of fortune or the natural order of the Romans and Greeks, and the transformation of all the unattainable matters of traditional thought into an opportunity for the virtuous individual; in short, the connection of theory to practice for political efficiency. Therefore, Machiavelli's relationship with political issues is no longer within the framework of theory, but within the framework of the effectiveness of theory in its political application. In other words, politics for Machiavelli in its new dimensions precedes theoretical knowledge and even theoretical philosophy; In the current situation, politics calls for its own tools in its specific situation.
Research Paper
philosophy
Pedram Pourhasan; Ali Moradkhani
Abstract
AbstractThis study examines the opposing perspectives of Hegel and Nietzsche on three fundamental domains of human thought: art, religion, and philosophy. It explores how these two philosophers, each from a different standpoint, approached the issues of self-realization, individual freedom, and traditional ...
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AbstractThis study examines the opposing perspectives of Hegel and Nietzsche on three fundamental domains of human thought: art, religion, and philosophy. It explores how these two philosophers, each from a different standpoint, approached the issues of self-realization, individual freedom, and traditional values. Hegel viewed these three domains as stages in the evolution of human consciousness toward absolute truth, arguing that art, religion, and philosophy are intricately interconnected and guide humanity toward self-awareness and the realization of the world spirit. In contrast, Nietzsche saw these concepts as instruments for critiquing traditional values. He placed art above philosophy and religion, considering it a realm for expressing individuality and breaking free from imposed constraints, while viewing religion as an oppressive institution that hinders individual will.Through a comparative analysis of their ideas, this study seeks to demonstrate how Hegel and Nietzsche took entirely different intellectual paths in interpreting the role of these concepts in human life. On one hand, Hegel emphasizes their interconnectedness and necessity for self-realization, whereas Nietzsche approaches them through the lens of individualism and the creation of new values. Employing an analytical and comparative approach, this research examines the fundamental similarities and differences in their thought and discusses their philosophical implications across various contexts.
Research Paper
philosophy
Ahmad Rahmanian
Abstract
In Islamic texts, there is evidence of a non-philosophical discourse regarding technology that has largely been overlooked. A significant part of the discourse is primarily reflected in the sectarian treatises of Futuwwa, which belong to mystical literature. In some of these treatises, aspects of technology ...
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In Islamic texts, there is evidence of a non-philosophical discourse regarding technology that has largely been overlooked. A significant part of the discourse is primarily reflected in the sectarian treatises of Futuwwa, which belong to mystical literature. In some of these treatises, aspects of technology are addressed within a mythological framework, and examining them can shed light on the concept of technology as perceived by a significant segment of the medieval Islamic community, particularly the artisan class. This paper focuses on one of the myths mentioned in these treatises, the anthropogenic myth, and through a comparative assessment of the Futuwwa’s version of this myth with the other versions in Islamic literature, it demonstrates that the Futuwwa’s version exhibits significant syntactical and semantic differences from others. In this version, the anthropogenic myth is reduced to several origin mythems whose main theme, unlike other versions, is not the emergence of humanity but rather the emergence of technology. Although some of these mythems concerning the origin of technology also appear in the histories and their structural patterns are derived from narratives related to the emergence of rituals in Sufi treatises, the Futuwwa’s version transcends mere modification of these older narratives.
Research Paper
philosophy
mahsa shamsodini; ghorbanali karimzadeh garamaleki; saeid alizadeh
Abstract
Darwin’s species evolution hypothesis and its challenges are important topics of the Theology .all organisms, under the influence of various environmental factors, have changed from one or more simple types to various forms, and with gradual movement, they have become more complete.One of the challenges ...
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Darwin’s species evolution hypothesis and its challenges are important topics of the Theology .all organisms, under the influence of various environmental factors, have changed from one or more simple types to various forms, and with gradual movement, they have become more complete.One of the challenges of this hypothesis of is denial in the form of finalism in the natural world. this hypothesis shakes the conventional interpretations of the proof of order and negates the fixed and hierarchical order of the world and fights with the world's plans.This research criticizes this challenge with the descriptive, analytical and critical method, while describing the evolution hypothesis and the proof of order,based on the ontological foundations of transcendental wisdom such as the essential movement and the essential dynamic movement.On the basis of the essential movement, to proving the need of the world for its existence and identity to the Creator, Mulla Sadra shows that the institution of all beings is the same as water, and all beings move from their innermost self towards the first origin. although environmental factors and have an effect on the change and development of events in the form of underlying causes, the order of phenomena is the result of their active and ultimate cause. to being God's creation, creatures are in need of the Supreme Being at every moment, and all the affairs of existence, from the rules that govern it to the interactions of creatures, are all done by God's power, and God is the end of creatures.
Research Paper
philosophy
Mohammad Hadi Shemshadi; Ali Akbar Ahmadi Aframjani
Abstract
The present study explores the possibility of reinterpreting the philosophy of complexity science through the conceptual framework of Hegelian philosophy. While complexity science is often recognized as an empirical and model-driven field, this research argues that the philosophical foundations of Hegel’s ...
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The present study explores the possibility of reinterpreting the philosophy of complexity science through the conceptual framework of Hegelian philosophy. While complexity science is often recognized as an empirical and model-driven field, this research argues that the philosophical foundations of Hegel’s thought can provide a robust conceptual framework for a deeper understanding of complex phenomena. The central research question guiding this study is: “How can Hegelian philosophical concepts inform and enrich the theoretical foundations of complexity science?” The motivation for this research arises from the growing recognition that, despite significant advances in modeling complex systems, the philosophical underpinnings of complexity science remain underdeveloped. By bridging the gap between German idealist philosophy and contemporary complexity studies, this work aims to contribute both to the theoretical enrichment of complexity science and to new interpretations of Hegel’s philosophy in the context of modern scientific challenges.The extended abstract is provided in the attached file.
Research Paper
philosophy
zahra fozve; Ahmad Ali Heydari
Abstract
هایدگر در فلسفه خود، با استفاده از واژه دازاین، موجودی را مراد میکند که وجود برایش مسئله است و در پیشافهمی مبهم و متوسط از هستی به سر میبرد. دازاینِ هایدگر در تقابل ...
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هایدگر در فلسفه خود، با استفاده از واژه دازاین، موجودی را مراد میکند که وجود برایش مسئله است و در پیشافهمی مبهم و متوسط از هستی به سر میبرد. دازاینِ هایدگر در تقابل با تاریخ فلسفه سنتی و همچنین ثنویت دکارتی قرار میگیرد و نه سوژهای در برابر ابژه، که هستندهای در-جهان، و بدنمند است که به بیان مرلوپونتی، بدن، محمل به جهان بودن اوست. اما این پایانِ ماجرا نیست و در این دقیقه تاریخی بحث جنسیتمندی دازاین نیز به میان میآید. دریدا و پژوهشگران حوزه پدیدارشناسی جنسیت، در ادامه تفکر هایدگر و با نگرش نقادانه به او، جنسیتمندی را از ویژگیهای هستیشناختی دازاین دانستهاند. این مقاله، به دنبال توصیفی پدیدارشناسانه از فهم دازاین مؤنث/ زنانه از هستی از دریچه مواجهه مداوم و هرروزینه او با درد است. بدین ترتیب در این پژوهش، پس از توصیفِ تجربه مداوم و معمول دازاین زنانه از درد، با نگاهی پدیدارشناختی و بررسی تفاسیر هایدگر از اشعار گئورگ تراکل، درد نه به مثابه رویدادی صرفاً زیستی، روانی یا متافیزیکی، که در نسبتی بنیادین با خود هستی روشن خواهد شد.
Research Paper
philosophy
payam fazli
Abstract
This article examines and discusses the application of naturalistic methodology in social sciences and the challenges facing this methodology. Social science methodology faces a fundamental question; whether the application of natural science methodology in social sciences is efficient or not. In response ...
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This article examines and discusses the application of naturalistic methodology in social sciences and the challenges facing this methodology. Social science methodology faces a fundamental question; whether the application of natural science methodology in social sciences is efficient or not. In response to this fundamental and important question, some have proposed a methodology similar to that of natural sciences in social sciences, while others have pointed out the differences between natural sciences and social sciences and have advocated a methodology specific to social sciences. The first approach is described as naturalism and the second approach as anti-naturalism. It seems that the purpose we consider for science or whether we give logical precedence to theory or observation can have a fundamental impact on the methodology adopted. As a result, this article defends a critical naturalistic approach. In this methodology, it distances itself from the purely reductionist and positivist currents in the social sciences and advocates a modified naturalism as one of the efficient methodological approaches in the social sciences. However, unlike most naturalists, it does not consider this methodology as an exclusive approach in social research and considers it useful alongside methods specific to the social sciences.
Research Paper
philosophy
seyyed Mahdi Mirahmadi; Seyyed Ahmad Fazeli
Abstract
Utilitarianism, as one of the normative ethical theories, has always been a subject of debate among philosophers. In its classical approaches, this theory posits that an action is morally good if it brings the greatest amount of good to the greatest number of people. Ethicists have consistently raised ...
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Utilitarianism, as one of the normative ethical theories, has always been a subject of debate among philosophers. In its classical approaches, this theory posits that an action is morally good if it brings the greatest amount of good to the greatest number of people. Ethicists have consistently raised objections to the fundamental components of this theory, as evident in the works of Frankena, J.J.C. Smart, and others. These objections have been primarily formulated from a philosophical perspective. On the other hand, decision-making theories in cognitive science and cognitive psychology are pursued through the lens of utility maximization and satisficing approaches. In one of his articles, Gerd Gigerenzer briefly touches on some of the shortcomings of consequentialist theory from the cognitive science perspective. This research aims to explain utilitarianism and decision-making theories more precisely, while critically examining Gigerenzer's objections. It appears that, based on the theory of utility maximization, the realization of the components of classical utilitarianism—particularly Bentham's utilitarianism—is unattainable. Moreover, the calculation of such outcomes, whether by the human mind or computational machines, as generally indicated in Gigerenzer's account, is impossible. Additionally, the existence of multiple criteria and personal disagreements in achieving and maximizing good are among the factors that, from the perspective of cognitive science, render such calculations unfeasible.
