Research Paper
farah ramin
Abstract
Man’s free will is one of the important issues dealt with by two philosophers: Sadr-ol-Mote'allehin, founder of “transcendent theosophy”, and Jaspers, an atheistic existentialist philosopher. To compare the ideas of these two philosophers, regarding the differences between the basics ...
Read More
Man’s free will is one of the important issues dealt with by two philosophers: Sadr-ol-Mote'allehin, founder of “transcendent theosophy”, and Jaspers, an atheistic existentialist philosopher. To compare the ideas of these two philosophers, regarding the differences between the basics elements of their thoughts, a cautious approach is necessary. Included among the issues which bring Jasper’s philosophy close to that of Sadra are Jaspers' attention to Man and his emphasis on “soul” or “existence” as the essential part of human being, an element of which is the individual's free will, the definition of “free will”, “will”, and “freedom”, his viewpoint on a free human being and the relation between "free will "and “transcendence”. Offering the most primary views of the two philosophers on the complicated subject of Man’s free will, the present article is to point out the similarities and differences between the two philosophical traditions and make comments on the mentioned philosopher's way of thinking.
Research Paper
amir ehsan karbasi zadeh; meysam mohammad amini
Abstract
Science often seems to issue statements about probability of some occurrence. In this paper, we will take a look at three different interpretations of probability. What all of these interpretations share is that they satisfy the Kolmogorov axioms of probability. Briefly discussing each interpretation ...
Read More
Science often seems to issue statements about probability of some occurrence. In this paper, we will take a look at three different interpretations of probability. What all of these interpretations share is that they satisfy the Kolmogorov axioms of probability. Briefly discussing each interpretation and its problems, we will focus on the subjective or Bayesian interpretation. Many philosophers have tried to understand evidence using probability. When there is uncertainty about a scientific hypothesis, observational evidence can sometimes raise or lower the probability of the hypothesis. Bayesianism is the most available version of this idea. According to the Bayesians, a probability measures a person’s degree of confidence in the truth of some proposition relative to available evidence.
Research Paper
mehdi abbas zadeh
Abstract
This paper is an endeavor to conduct a comparative study of the viewpoints of Johannes Duns Scotus, Scottish philosopher and theologian (1266- 1308), on epistemology and knowledge, and Ibn Sina’s beliefs on the same issues. Given the fact that Scotus had studied the Latin translation of Ibn Sina's ...
Read More
This paper is an endeavor to conduct a comparative study of the viewpoints of Johannes Duns Scotus, Scottish philosopher and theologian (1266- 1308), on epistemology and knowledge, and Ibn Sina’s beliefs on the same issues. Given the fact that Scotus had studied the Latin translation of Ibn Sina's book, al-Shifa, the present study provides evidence as to how Scotus was influenced by Ibn Sina’s viewpoints under such issues as perceptional faculties, process of perception, natural object of reason, kinds of knowledge, levels of certainty, etc. While Scotus and Ibn Sina had been both influenced by Aristotle and the peripatetic tradition, there are still observed differences between them. Logical reasons, therefore, urge us to conduct a comparative study concerning the viewpoints of the two thinkers. With the above in mind, we will take into consideration the different atmospheres and cultures in which they lived; living and thus thinking in a Christian environment for one, and in an Islamic atmosphere for the other.
Research Paper
hoseyn harsih; jalal hajizadeh
Abstract
As democracy has a generative nature, there is continuing discussion and study about its principles, teachings, objectives and conceptual development. This article aims to study and provide a scientific explanation of Habermas’s theory of discourse democracy and evaluate his reflections. For this ...
Read More
As democracy has a generative nature, there is continuing discussion and study about its principles, teachings, objectives and conceptual development. This article aims to study and provide a scientific explanation of Habermas’s theory of discourse democracy and evaluate his reflections. For this purpose, analyzing his deliberative democracy patterns, through an analytical-descriptive approach and by library research, authors of this study investigate into the theoretical components of his thoughts with the aim of clarifying his basic principles of democracy. In view of the researchers, the discourse democracy of Habermas is of profound philosophical roots which form part of the knowledge foundation with a methodology focused on Emancipation. Therefore, findings of this research show that the political opinions and thoughts of Habermas have their roots in his philosophical principles.
Research Paper
ali moradkhani; peyman pour ghannad
Abstract
This essay is to find distinctive aspects of a priori synthetic statements, whose judgment depends upon categories of understanding, in comparison to Hume’s discussion of abstraction and meaning. Through logical analysis of statements containing Kant’s Categories, we will demonstrate that ...
Read More
This essay is to find distinctive aspects of a priori synthetic statements, whose judgment depends upon categories of understanding, in comparison to Hume’s discussion of abstraction and meaning. Through logical analysis of statements containing Kant’s Categories, we will demonstrate that the categories of Quality and Quantity, excluding the category of Universality, contain no mental concept unlikely to be experienced; they are therefore merely expressive of logical structures – a fact also acknowledged by empiricists – not as essential conditions for judgment. The categories of Modality, if meaningful, are perceivable only by mind not through experience. As for the conditional judgments, the Category of Causality will be discussed more precisely in this paper. It will be shown that the empiricist approach is incompatible with Kant’s theory in respect to the essence of causal relation, but compatible with it concerning the very existence of such relation. Here, we are not to deal with the Category of Substance or the Category of Reciprocity, since they are simply irrelevant to our discussions.
Research Paper
foruzan rasekhi; somayeh kolahduzan
Abstract
Cosmological argument is one of the arguments used to prove the existence of God and has been noticed by philosophers from Plato’s time until now. In this research, the new writings of Allameh Tabataba’i on these arguments, in particular on cause and effect and movement are surveyed and compared ...
Read More
Cosmological argument is one of the arguments used to prove the existence of God and has been noticed by philosophers from Plato’s time until now. In this research, the new writings of Allameh Tabataba’i on these arguments, in particular on cause and effect and movement are surveyed and compared with the convictions of Avicenna. To begin with, the related arguments proposed by Avicenna are extracted from his writings and reported in this study. In a comparative survey of Allameh’s writings on the above arguments and those of Avicenna, Allameh’s inspirations from Avicenna and his innovations are summarized here. In this regard, Allameh’s innovations, compared with Avicenna, are worth mentioning among which most of Allameh’s arguments are found to be in a higher level of stability than those of Avicenna.
Research Paper
parvin nabian
Abstract
This study aims to find answer to the question of “what are the limits of human knowledge of God, the Truth?” In response to the above question most scholars admit that God, in His very Essence, is not the object of our knowledge; yet, they agree that we can basically know Him through His ...
Read More
This study aims to find answer to the question of “what are the limits of human knowledge of God, the Truth?” In response to the above question most scholars admit that God, in His very Essence, is not the object of our knowledge; yet, they agree that we can basically know Him through His attributes. Accordingly, to discuss man’s knowledge of God, a group of them adopt assimilation, as an approach; another opt for dissimilation and the third group a way in-between. This paper reviews the above approaches and demonstrates the insufficiency of each. The contention here is that due to the identity between God’s Essence and His attributes, His Attributes, too, fall out of the reach of human perception. Thus the extent to which human being can come to know God is only determined through His acts which are manifestations of His attributes. Beyond doubt, the most perfect knowledge of God can be achieved through His most perfect act, i.e. the Perfect Man, or ideally speaking: Imam. Thus, Man’s true knowledge of God, within the measure of his ability, is only possible as a result of the evolutional movement, manifestation of God’s attributes, attaining to the station of the devoted and the realization of the intuitive wisdom (not just argumentative wisdom). The man who, on the basis of the unity of Being, has reached the unity of intuition can be a mirror capable of showing the Truth in the most perfect manner and can therefore characterize the Truth with his existence (not merely by his words). This is confirmed by His Divine Words in the Holy Quran, saying: “Purity is to Allah from the matters they fabricate. Except the chosen bondmen of Allah.”. According to the above verses, only the purest and the devoted have the permission to describe Him.
