reaz akbarian; tayebeh karami
Abstract
The relationship between incorporeal and material things is one of the most important issues in philosophy. Two-fold nature of Soul let it to be mediation between the intellect and the matter. This role of the soul is explained differently in the Plotinus and Mulla-sadra's philosophy. In Plotinus’ ...
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The relationship between incorporeal and material things is one of the most important issues in philosophy. Two-fold nature of Soul let it to be mediation between the intellect and the matter. This role of the soul is explained differently in the Plotinus and Mulla-sadra's philosophy. In Plotinus’ philosophy, the soul has two parts: higher and lower. The higher part is connected to the intellect realm and the lower one associated with the body. The soul is absolutely unaffected even in the lower part. Nature, which is the manifestation of the universal soul, is the mediator between the body and the immaterial soul. But soul in Mulla-sadra's point of view is not completely immaterial. The soul can become immaterial through the substantial movement. As a result, the soul involves the immaterial and corporeal worlds.
mohamadreza hoseini behashti
ghasem purhasan
shamsolmolouk mostafavi
Volume 9, Issue 35 , October 2013, , Pages 19-34
Abstract
Swiss reformed theologian and thinker, Karl Barth (1886-1968) is regarded as the founding father of neo-orthodoxy in Protestantism. In the post-World War world where religion was under constant attack by critics, people had lost their faith in God, and liberal orthodoxy had degraded religion to a historical ...
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Swiss reformed theologian and thinker, Karl Barth (1886-1968) is regarded as the founding father of neo-orthodoxy in Protestantism. In the post-World War world where religion was under constant attack by critics, people had lost their faith in God, and liberal orthodoxy had degraded religion to a historical phenomenon and a guarantee for moral values, Barth developed “dialectical theology” in order to save religion. This article seeks to take a brief look at the claims made by liberal theology and Barth’s criticisms against it, present dialectical theology as a replacement for liberal theology and shed light on Barth’s role in the history of modern thought.
Bahman Pazouki
Abstract
The term life-world, which is introduced in parallel with topics such as the “natural concept of the world” and the “environment world”, is of great importance in Husserl’s later philosophy. It is a very complex and multi-meaningful concept that has led to different and ...
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The term life-world, which is introduced in parallel with topics such as the “natural concept of the world” and the “environment world”, is of great importance in Husserl’s later philosophy. It is a very complex and multi-meaningful concept that has led to different and often contradictory interpretations. Husserl examined this concept in the book Crisis from three aspects: worldly (mundan), ontological and transcendental, and in this way, it takes on different meanings, which are summarized as follows: the life-world is 1) the world of natural position; 2) the intersubjective world of action, which includes all the things that man deals with in everyday action; 3) a world given to perception; 4) the spiritual and historical world of culture; 5) the world precedes science (pre-science), which is in opposition to objectivism, especially modern objectivism, which is associated with the development of the natural sciences; 6) one of the ways to enter the transcendental realm. This article deals with the relations of the life-world with science, culture, and the transcendental realm.
mohammad meshkat
Volume 9, Issue 34 , July 2013, , Pages 21-62
Abstract
This is a comparative investigation of the views held by two philosophers (one practicing analytic philosophy and the other German idealism) regarding the foundation and beginning of philosophy. However, the article mainly addresses later Wittgenstein’s. The fact that Hegel and later Wittgenstein ...
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This is a comparative investigation of the views held by two philosophers (one practicing analytic philosophy and the other German idealism) regarding the foundation and beginning of philosophy. However, the article mainly addresses later Wittgenstein’s. The fact that Hegel and later Wittgenstein hold different views about the nature of philosophy and its methods and missions makes the discussion difficulty but interesting. With an emphasis on the foundation and beginning of philosophy, the researcher conducts a comparative study of their views about the social nature of language, private language, another, desire, form of life, essentialism, Platonism, Descartism, holism, doubt and certainty, groundless belief, worldview, subjectivity, description and clarification, rationalism, modern subjectivism, sense, and so on. The two share a belief in common sense or social discourse as well as the necessity of another. Another has a strong presence in their approach to the foundation of philosophy. The same is true about action. Philosophy has no foundation in absence of common sense, social discourse, and action. Their main areas of difference are essentialism, holism, and description and clarification. Finally, some areas for further research are suggested.
Abdulah Salavati
Volume 11, Issue 42 , July 2015, , Pages 21-36
Abstract
Correct reading of Sadra wisdom coordinates and its epistemic determination can play an important role in understanding and interpretation of issues of transcendental philosophy. Regardless of eclectic look to the philosophy of Mullah Sadra and doubt about it as an independent school of thought, theories ...
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Correct reading of Sadra wisdom coordinates and its epistemic determination can play an important role in understanding and interpretation of issues of transcendental philosophy. Regardless of eclectic look to the philosophy of Mullah Sadra and doubt about it as an independent school of thought, theories exist that speak of epistemic determination of philosophy of Mullah Sadra. This article firstly offers Sadra wisdom coordinates and in it, philosophy as a discipline and discipline with geometric identity and nature of the network, including the approach, principles, methods and goals of not only a series of issues. In the next step, two reductionist views of Mulla Sadra's philosophy is studied and criticized; At first glance, the considered philosophy as the Theology, his philosophy is reduced a set of textual evidence to prove or set of ideas has proven with the help of philosophical arguments by theological Approach. And at second glance, the argument arises only in the judgment of the philosophy of Sadra. And at the end of Sadra's philosophy as a new paradigm and a variety of methods and resources beyond the limits of Theology and theological approach and the exclusive current of argument includes the analysis, argument, intuition argument and intuition.
fereshteh nabati
Arash khaksari renani; Mir Saeed Mousavi Karimi
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to criticize Daniel Dennett's main argument which has been formulated to explain and justify the compatibility of Human's mental phenomena, particularly his free will, with causal determinism on the basis of ontological naturalism (Physicalism). The article begins with ...
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The purpose of this article is to criticize Daniel Dennett's main argument which has been formulated to explain and justify the compatibility of Human's mental phenomena, particularly his free will, with causal determinism on the basis of ontological naturalism (Physicalism). The article begins with the formulation of this argument. Then, the theories of naturalism and evolution as the backgrounds of Dennett's thesis are explained. Dennett tries to justify the premises of his argument by a novel interpretation of casual determinism based on a difference between casual determinism and inevitability. Finally, it is shown that Dennett's solution for making a compatibility between free will and causal determinism is insufficient and unsatisfactory, and, thus, he has not solved the deep and historical problem of compatibilism.
philosophy
Mohammad hasan Emami; AMIR NASRI
Abstract
By focusing on sensory experience in Aesthetics, which is not always associated with positive feelings, Arnold Berleant analyzes the question of why and how Aesthetic values are negative, so that the scope of Aesthetics goes beyond "Beauty" and its application in the field of art. And because Aesthetics ...
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By focusing on sensory experience in Aesthetics, which is not always associated with positive feelings, Arnold Berleant analyzes the question of why and how Aesthetic values are negative, so that the scope of Aesthetics goes beyond "Beauty" and its application in the field of art. And because Aesthetics is an experimental thing for Breleant, in order to open up this domain, he does not categorize the Aesthetic moods (positive and negative) and deals with identifying the Aesthetic moods. Therefore, Brerleant names sensory experiences that do not have a positive value as the "underside of beauty". By introducing the characteristics of negative criticism in the field of art, Brerleant reveals the extent of negative Aesthetics and its various forms in relation to art criticism. One of these types is what is commonly called "Bad Taste". By explaining the relationship between ethics and negative Aesthetics, the possibility of social and moral evaluation of artistic objects and environmental pollution is presented to the audience, and by passing positive Aesthetics, a new topic under the title "negative Aesthetics beyond art" is provided for study.
atieh zandieh
Abstract
One of Wittgenstein's concerns throughout his life was religion. He was involved in the language of religious "belief" more than anything, but by Frazer's Golden Bough he was encouraged in addition to the religious belief, to speak out about the religious practice as well. Wittgenstein in responding ...
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One of Wittgenstein's concerns throughout his life was religion. He was involved in the language of religious "belief" more than anything, but by Frazer's Golden Bough he was encouraged in addition to the religious belief, to speak out about the religious practice as well. Wittgenstein in responding to Frazer's opinions, which are based on two essential axes, put forwards his remarks generally in two parts. In this paper, the writer would present a perspective of Frazer's main ideas on the so called three stages in philosophy, i.e. magic, religion, and science, which would be considered according to instrumentalism and believing in priority of theory to praxis in traditional practices. Hence, the writer would examine Wittgenstein's remarks in contrast with Frazer's, and would offer an utterable interpretation of the traditional practices and emphasize on their innate attribute, and accordingly, on the priority of praxis to theory. At the end of the paper, the writer would assess Wittgenstein's words.
ahmad asgari
Abstract
In Metaphysics (Book IX), Aristotle distinguishes between two senses of the word Dunamis (force) and states that the first sense is related to motion. While discussing Dunamis as force in detail, he declares that he does so to shed light on the second sense of the word. Later in the book, he vaguely ...
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In Metaphysics (Book IX), Aristotle distinguishes between two senses of the word Dunamis (force) and states that the first sense is related to motion. While discussing Dunamis as force in detail, he declares that he does so to shed light on the second sense of the word. Later in the book, he vaguely explains the second sense. Thus, there are different interpretations of this sense among which two are of utmost significance. Some believe it to refer to potentiality while others interpret it to refer to substance. This article is an attempt to solve this enigma: Aristotle aims to study potentiality in his book. This, however, requires the study of different types of force, one of which is the force related to motion and the other is substance related to essence. Aristotle calls it “the most useful”, i.e. the most useful in analyzing the potentiality. Potentiality is, therefore, the main objective he seeks to attain through the analysis of the second sense of Dunamis.
hamidreza ayatolahi; arash musavi
hamidreza ayatolahi
seyyed hedayat sajadi
Abstract
The problem of underdetermination is one of the most important problems that rise in the process of theory-choice among equivalent theories. In this paper, I examine the notion of equivalence from logical, evidential, theoretical and experimental aspects, and discuss three thesis on underdetermination: ...
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The problem of underdetermination is one of the most important problems that rise in the process of theory-choice among equivalent theories. In this paper, I examine the notion of equivalence from logical, evidential, theoretical and experimental aspects, and discuss three thesis on underdetermination: weak, strong and stronger underdetermination. I present what should be taken as the appropriate approach to theory choice, given that any of these three kinds of underdetermination occurs. Based on the history of science and also reasonable method, it is concluded that if weak and strong underdetermination occur in actual scientific enterprise, one can prefer a theory over other equivalents with regard to fertility merit of the theory
Ruhollah rajabi; Reza Soleiman Heshmat
Abstract
Understanding logic, the possibility of new logics and also recognition (understanding) of grounds of metaphysics entails understanding of the truth of language. Language always recognized as the system of signs and in order to convey thoughts. Heidegger is one of the thinkers who has presented a special ...
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Understanding logic, the possibility of new logics and also recognition (understanding) of grounds of metaphysics entails understanding of the truth of language. Language always recognized as the system of signs and in order to convey thoughts. Heidegger is one of the thinkers who has presented a special thought in this area. In Being and Time, Heidegger recognizes speech as one of the existential characteristics of Dasein and believes that the understanding of being in the world is already unconcealed in speech. Later, Heidegger concentrates on the issue of language more fundamentally and asserts that language is the house of Being and Being unconceals itself in language. Dasein is absorbed in the speech of Being and Being is concealed in the speech of Dasein. Dasein can approach the truth of language in Angst. The speech of Being, is the ground of the language of the great thinkers and poets which renders the ground of the history of a people.
Morteza Barati; Mohammad Reza salehi Mazandarani; Nasrollah Emami; Karim Lowaimi Mutlaq
Abstract
By generalizing and developing Richards’s view and by counting limitations of both the substitution and comparison theories, Max Black explains his interaction theory of metaphor. Words in Blacks view, interact in a metaphorical expression to produce a meaning that is the result of this interaction. ...
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By generalizing and developing Richards’s view and by counting limitations of both the substitution and comparison theories, Max Black explains his interaction theory of metaphor. Words in Blacks view, interact in a metaphorical expression to produce a meaning that is the result of this interaction. Black analyzes this interaction as an interaction between the framework and focus of metaphor in which framework, by providing a unique context to focus, imposes an extension of meaning to the focus word. The focus word acquires a new meaning from this interaction. This article is intended to provide a comprehensive and clear study of interaction theory.
Ahmad Rajabi
Abstract
In the lecture History of the Concept of Time: Prolegomena Heidegger levels an immanent phenomenological criticism at Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology. In the lecture, Heidegger accuses Husserl that he neglects to raise two fundamental questions for the phenomenology: the question concerning ...
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In the lecture History of the Concept of Time: Prolegomena Heidegger levels an immanent phenomenological criticism at Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology. In the lecture, Heidegger accuses Husserl that he neglects to raise two fundamental questions for the phenomenology: the question concerning the specific manner of being of the intentional acts in particular and the manner of being as such in general. By his criticism, Heidegger returns to the starting point of Husserl‘s phenomenology, i.e. the shift from natural attitude to transcendental attitude, and thereby reaching his own understanding of the matter of phenomenology. As is well known, Heidegger substitutes the Dasein for the transcendental consciousness and refuses the Husserl’s epoché and his transcendental reduction. In the following paper, on the contrary, we attempt to interpret Heidegger’s criticism in another way, which is that Heidegger adopts not only the transcendental reduction but also the absolute transcendental subjectivity. To put it more precisely, Heidegger radicalizes the absoluteness of the absolute transcendental subjectivity in Husserl’s Philosophy so much that he will be able to eliminate the Husserl’s natural attitude as a non-phenomenological and dogmatic starting point for the phenomenology. Accordingly, we claim that Heidegger’s Dasein is substituted for the absoluteness of subjectivity and the finitude of human existence simultaneously.
seyyed ahmad hosseini
Abstract
A problem pertaining to Aristotle’s psychology is about where its right place is. Should it be studied in the physics or in metaphysics or some part of it in physics and some other in metaphysics? There are two views concerning the place of psychology according to Aristotle’s philosophy of ...
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A problem pertaining to Aristotle’s psychology is about where its right place is. Should it be studied in the physics or in metaphysics or some part of it in physics and some other in metaphysics? There are two views concerning the place of psychology according to Aristotle’s philosophy of science. The first view which is the predominant holds that psychology is a physical science. This view insists on the close relationship between soul and body. The second view says that psychology has indeed two distinct parts. One part being studied in physics and the other part in metaphysics. According to this theory, the material souls are being studied in physics and the immaterial souls in metaphysics. It is true that the two theories find evidences in Aristotle’s books, but this article criticizes them and shows that in spite of the Aristotelian texts, one cannot consider psychology as a physical science.
Mohammad Ali Ashouri Kisomi; Maryam Parvizi
Abstract
The Epistemic Bubble and the Echo Chamber are two phenomena of the Post-Truth area that deny scientific knowledge. The Epistemic Bubble exposes the individual to unbalanced arguments by eliminating knowledge outside the bubble and strengthening trust in the knowledge within it. In contrast, the Echo ...
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The Epistemic Bubble and the Echo Chamber are two phenomena of the Post-Truth area that deny scientific knowledge. The Epistemic Bubble exposes the individual to unbalanced arguments by eliminating knowledge outside the bubble and strengthening trust in the knowledge within it. In contrast, the Echo Chamber does not eliminate the knowledge outside the chamber but makes it unreliable. This unreliability of knowledge outside the room is accompanied by an increase in trust in knowledge inside the Echo Chamber. Both of these phenomena are common in building trust in knowledge within their community and distrust of scientific knowledge. In this paper, using the analytical-descriptive method, a solution to get out of the Epistemic Bubble and the Echo Chamber is presented. In this path, first, the two phenomena of Epistemic Bubbles and Echo Chambers are examined. Then Hoyningen-Huene’s Systematicity theory will be introduced. Systematicity theory shows that in common subjects, scientific knowledge in nine dimensions is more systematic than everyday knowledge. According to this theory, systematicity means that scientific knowledge is not purely random or accidental, is not chaotic, not completely unplanned nor unordered, and is methodological. The results show that the comparative nature of this theory helps to distinguish between knowledge in the Epistemic Bubble or Echo Chamber and Science. This theory will help us find a way to check the reliability of the acquired knowledge and make it possible for the person to get out of the Epistemic bubble and the Echo Chamber.
philosophy
Abdollah Amini
Abstract
John Dewey is one of the most important experts in the field of education in the contemporary period, and some of his teachings have become a part of the body of educational systems in the world today. Since education is an integral part of the structure of any society, any weakness in it will weaken ...
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John Dewey is one of the most important experts in the field of education in the contemporary period, and some of his teachings have become a part of the body of educational systems in the world today. Since education is an integral part of the structure of any society, any weakness in it will weaken the culture of that society. The past educational systems mainly emphasized the intellectual, moral, and religious aspects of education, but nowadays attention to other dimensions, including the aesthetic, critical, and creative dimensions, is seen as a necessity. The reason is that the aesthetic and artistic approach, along with other approaches, can represent the world and its phenomena in a different way for us and provide us with the possibility of experiencing them in a different way. Therefore, in addition to developing intellectual and moral fields, emphasis is also placed on "aesthetic education". The main issue regarding this type of education is that some have only seen it based on the perspective of genius and some based on the perspective of taste; while the aesthetic education of Taaman includes both views. As a result, every successful educational system should pay attention to the development of imagination and the creative dimension of the child's mind, as well as the development of taste to perceive and evaluate beautiful things and works. In the book "Art as an experience" Dewey's work shows attention to both perspectives, on this basis, while reviewing the topics related to aesthetics and the components of aesthetic education, we specifically reread a part of the said work focusing on aesthetic education (based on the perspective of genius and We will discuss the view of taste.
Zeynab Abolghasemi Dehaghani; Mohammad Saeedimehr
Volume 11, Issue 43 , October 2015, , Pages 25-42
Abstract
Abstract
The transfer of necessity principle (the consequence of anecessary issue which itself is also necessary) is seen as the base of consequent argument vindicating the belief of incompatibility of free will with causal determinism. The fixity of deterministic laws dominating natural events and ...
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Abstract
The transfer of necessity principle (the consequence of anecessary issue which itself is also necessary) is seen as the base of consequent argument vindicating the belief of incompatibility of free will with causal determinism. The fixity of deterministic laws dominating natural events and inevitable past accompanied by the transfer of necessity principle lead us to conclude that all events including those called human’s freely done actions are determined and inevitable. The current study, drawing on the important role of the transfer of necessity principle for incompatibility account is an attempt to review this principle. To this aim, we, at first, explain causal determinism and consequent argument. Then, following the perceiving the meaning of necessity upon incompatibilist view, we analyze the transfer of necessity principle. And finally we want to show how much the principle of necessity is bearable against the opposite counterexamples as well as with what interpretation is capable of responding to counterexamples and can be employed for consequent argument.
mojtaba etemadinia
Volume 12, Issue 45 , April 2016, , Pages 25-46
Abstract
The "Great Pyramid of Being"(GPB) is the most fundamental ontological plan of traditional thought. According to this plan, being is consisted of a large chain of consecutive connection which extends from the most imperfect to the most perfect entity in a hierarchical order. Various readings of the GPB ...
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The "Great Pyramid of Being"(GPB) is the most fundamental ontological plan of traditional thought. According to this plan, being is consisted of a large chain of consecutive connection which extends from the most imperfect to the most perfect entity in a hierarchical order. Various readings of the GPB are based on different conceptions of being and its degrees. GPB is the basic assumption of all mythical, philosophical, religious, political and social systems, all default in the pre-modern period. In this article, in order to provide a clear picture of GPB and its situation and gradual growth in the context of the history of ideas in the pre-modern era, firstly will be considered hierarchical order of being in the context of eastern religions and then in the context of Western thought and finally in the realm of Islamic philosophy specially according to Avicenna, Suhrawardi and Mulla Sadra’s ideas. We are aimed to bring a comprehensive analysis of the role of GPB in composing the cosmic order in thought of pre-modern man.
Mahin Arab
Abstract
Guardianship as one of the foundations of religion is the core and essence of it. In the rules of Islam, it has been quoted, "Deeds are not accepted unless performed with faith in Guardianship". In fact, Guardianship is the heart and basis of the entire human virtues and the starting point of achieving ...
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Guardianship as one of the foundations of religion is the core and essence of it. In the rules of Islam, it has been quoted, "Deeds are not accepted unless performed with faith in Guardianship". In fact, Guardianship is the heart and basis of the entire human virtues and the starting point of achieving the ultimate stage of faith as well. Hadjviri, the great mystic, in his book, Kashf al Mahjoob, says: "the foundation of the disciplines of Islamic mysticism and knowledge of God is Guardianship". In Islam the first rate of Guardianship belongs solely to God, and the other rates as manifestations are derived from this pre-existent spring. Although Guardianship is considered widely in many kinds of Islamic knowledge but in this square, discussion of completing guardianship and the last guardians is one of the most important and exotic discussion in the view of Islamic mysticism that had been disputed by many of elegance inhabitants and spiritual masters. In this issue, first, Guardianship and its various kinds and then the last of the Guardians, based on Ibn Arabi's viewpoints, have been considered and criticized, and at last the Shiite's faith in guardianship has been emphasized.
asghar vaezi; esmail ghaedi
Abstract
The modern hermeneutics era began with Schleiermacher's attempts to expand the scope of hermeneutics. He declared misunderstanding natural. While admitting its being customary and inevitable, he concluded that understanding is always an act of interpretation. In his view, every act of understanding involves ...
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The modern hermeneutics era began with Schleiermacher's attempts to expand the scope of hermeneutics. He declared misunderstanding natural. While admitting its being customary and inevitable, he concluded that understanding is always an act of interpretation. In his view, every act of understanding involves two modes of interpretation, i.e. grammatical interpretation and technical (also called psychological) interpretation. The former addresses the linguistic functions and features of text while the latter views the text as the realization of author's individuality, and studies it according to his/her dealing with the language. In Schleiermacher's belief, in each mode of interpretation, understanding and interpretation take place in a circular process known as hermeneutic circle. The grammatical interpretation focuses on physical aspects of text, i.e. the whole text and its individual parts. On the contrary, technical interpretation addresses the author's individuality. Understanding of author's individuality is made possible only when the interpreter makes guesses and comparisons with himself in order to find a way to the author's mental world.
