Research Paper
Payam Aghasi; Azizolah Afshar Kermani
Abstract
The different definitions of rationalists and empiricists from man have different approaches to man. Hegel offers a dialectical view of whole and part together in a Kantian-Spinoza context by defining man as an embodiment subject, while also paying attention to his totality, while also showing the importance ...
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The different definitions of rationalists and empiricists from man have different approaches to man. Hegel offers a dialectical view of whole and part together in a Kantian-Spinoza context by defining man as an embodiment subject, while also paying attention to his totality, while also showing the importance of his particularity and individuality. Mulla Sadra, on the other hand, makes a significant contribution to the body in perception. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the embodiment of the subject on the principle of conatus from the perspective of Mulla Sadra and Hegel. Just as the embodiment of the subject in Hegel's view leads to the conatus, the acceptance of the axis of the soul-body as the subject for Mulla Sadra also leads to the conatus, albeit with differences, which in turn, in addition to individual and social changes in the attitudes to the humanities and the importance of physical life and collective well-being, lead to a change in the attitude towards humanities.
Research Paper
Hamidreza Bayat; Hasan Abasi Hosain Abadi; alireza parsa
Abstract
Comparing philosophies is an effort to find ways of interaction and synergy between these schools. It seems that finding the commonalities and differences between these structures and the appropriate method of achieving this are important. The method can be considered at two levels: macro and definite ...
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Comparing philosophies is an effort to find ways of interaction and synergy between these schools. It seems that finding the commonalities and differences between these structures and the appropriate method of achieving this are important. The method can be considered at two levels: macro and definite levels. The problem here is that if for this adaptation we choose the phenomenological method with carbon as a macro method, and to give objectivity to this macro method, the adapted structures in the context of the "Axiomatic method" in the contemporary time using the theory of the "model" has become more formal, we implement, then the most fundamental similarities and differences that are emphasized in the phenomenological method, in which components of the structures of the thematic principle in question are determined. How is the relationship between these two categories of components explained to each other, so that in the light of this explanation, the other points of commonality and differences of the matching devices are clearly and systematically identified? Therefore by using the context of the Axiomatic method and the capacity to formalize model theory in a limited circle in Islamic philosophy, an attempt was made to show that "undefined concepts" the most fundamental similarities and their "interpretations" or the emergence of differences in these interpretations are also the main factor of differentiation and creation of different devices, and the ratio of the two to each other is the "absolute" relation to the "constraint".
Research Paper
Hojatollah Rahimi
Abstract
To date, a large number of researches have been published in terms of Lefebvre’s concept of the right to the city within social sciences without a serious critique of the concept. This article, drawing upon Derrida, has attempted to provide a critical analysis of the concept based on the following ...
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To date, a large number of researches have been published in terms of Lefebvre’s concept of the right to the city within social sciences without a serious critique of the concept. This article, drawing upon Derrida, has attempted to provide a critical analysis of the concept based on the following two questions: 1) on what assumptions has the concept been formulated? 2) What kinds of theoretical and ethical paradoxes does the concept suffer from? The article has argued that the essential assumptions of the concept have been distorted by scientists because they, contrary to Lefebvre, seek to operationalize the concept within the context of the capitalist city. In addition, the operationalization of the concept within Lefebvre’s utopia is still subject to critique, because while utopia is not a place of violence, Lefebvre’s utopia is, according to Derrida, the space of law-making violence and law-preserving violence. Lefebvre’s utopia is only a movement from one type of violence to another one. On the other hand, the concept is unethical for the working class, as the only legitimate force of actualizing the concept, acts under historical necessity and without free will. As far as the labor force, as the only legitimate force for the actualization of the concept of the right to the city, acts under historical necessity and without its own will, it cannot and should not be regarded as a just class or lacking in justice and responsibility or be considered irresponsible because justice and responsibility are true in the case of free will agency. Therefore, if ethics is the sphere of free will, then the concept of the right to the city is free of ethics.
Research Paper
Masoud Sadeghi
Abstract
Participation in charity is one of the moral mechanisms for eradicating economic poverty, and the philosophical debate about it has risen since the 1970s. In this paper, two important philosophical arguments have been formulated and researched by Singer and Spoerl about duty or beyond duty and why and ...
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Participation in charity is one of the moral mechanisms for eradicating economic poverty, and the philosophical debate about it has risen since the 1970s. In this paper, two important philosophical arguments have been formulated and researched by Singer and Spoerl about duty or beyond duty and why and how to participate in charitable affairs. Singer believes that people who are morally obligated are obliged to give their possessions to those in need unless this assistance requires the deprivation of things that are morally comparable to the needs and problems of those in need. Spoerl, along with all the critics, clearly sees this as a rigid condition, and instead believes that people with morals are obliged to give their possessions to the needy, but only after they have met the necessities of life. There is also a serious disagreement between Singer and Spoerl about the definition of the necessities of life, and Spoerl derives a broad definition of it that includes artistic, intellectual, and social values. Singer also does not specify the source of charity, but Spoerl, by separating surplus income from surplus wealth, believes that we simply have a duty to give our surplus income to the needy. Based on the findings of the paper, the lack of prioritization of the needy and its non-separation from the prioritization of needs is evident to some extent in both perspectives, especially Singer's perspective.
Research Paper
Ahmad Ebadi; Mohammad Emdadi Masouleh
Abstract
Hillary Putnam is one of the contemporary philosophers who study the fact/value dichotomy. In his thoughts, these two concepts are interpretation and even conceptually not separate, a notion named instructive pragmatism. He accuses the advocates of this dichotomy and believes that when they say morality ...
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Hillary Putnam is one of the contemporary philosophers who study the fact/value dichotomy. In his thoughts, these two concepts are interpretation and even conceptually not separate, a notion named instructive pragmatism. He accuses the advocates of this dichotomy and believes that when they say morality is separate from fact, they base their trust on the supposition that they realize fact in its exact sense. He sets three reasons that lead to resorting to this dichotomy of reality/value and by rejecting all, paves the way for his criticism of this dichotomy. The drawbacks recognized by him in this context, consist of 1. conversion of a non-destructive distinction into a destructive metaphysical dichotomy, 2. The impact of science from the values in generating science, 3. existence of consensus regarding ethical issues similar to that of other domains, 4. inaccuracy in the analysis of moral judgment into the two perspective and descriptive components, 5. wrong moral thick concepts, a reason in the interpretation of facts and values. Next to accepting his thoughts, and strong points in rejecting fact/value dichotomy, we believe when he defends the character of constructive facts, the following deficiencies become evident in his views: 1. inaccuracy in changing facts due to the conceptual schema, 2. the problem of backward causation, 3. lack of conceptual competence, 4. problem of incoherence and 5. use mention fallacy. The objective of this paper is to analyze and assess the strong and weak points of Putman’s views on fact/value dichotomy.
Research Paper
Mohammad Anbarsooz; Yousef Nozohour
Abstract
Baruch Spinoza, the rationalist philosopher of the seventeenth century, devoted special attention to knowledge and epistemology. In his philosophy, knowledge has types and classes, the most valid of which is intuitive knowledge, and from this point of view, he focused on intuition, its objects, and its ...
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Baruch Spinoza, the rationalist philosopher of the seventeenth century, devoted special attention to knowledge and epistemology. In his philosophy, knowledge has types and classes, the most valid of which is intuitive knowledge, and from this point of view, he focused on intuition, its objects, and its features. This paper, studying the types of cognition in Spinoza’s thought, attempts to explain its meaning and the object. Furthermore, the article, based on two sorts of interpretations, shows that, in the development of Spinoza’s philosophy, the object of intuition changes. This variation is caused by passing Spinoza’s thought from the division of knowledge, based on the form in the TRE, to that division, based on content in Ethics and there are serious debates among interpreters about that. In both works, Spinoza’s intuition is inferential, immediate, and irregular. Although, in TRE, its object is attribute and mode, while in Ethics, it is only mode or the essence of a particular thing. Finally, we show that the realization of intuitive knowledge guarantees credible and efficient knowledge and leads to liberty and happiness as the main purpose of Spinoza's philosophy.
Research Paper
Mohammad Hosein Mohammad Ali Khalaj
Abstract
The paper is devoted to discussing the question of whether Heidegger is a realist or anti-realist. In the first section, I try to show that Anglo-American proponents of Heidegger are divided into three camps: the first camp characterizes him as a realist, the second describes his philosophy as idealism, ...
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The paper is devoted to discussing the question of whether Heidegger is a realist or anti-realist. In the first section, I try to show that Anglo-American proponents of Heidegger are divided into three camps: the first camp characterizes him as a realist, the second describes his philosophy as idealism, and the third camp inclines to say that Heidegger is neither realist nor idealist. Focusing on the robust realism pursued by Dreyfus and Spinoza in the second section, I discuss two arguments they present in favor of the robust version of Heidegger’s realism. The first argument, called the multiple world argument, is inspired by a Kantian insight, and the second argument is based on a phenomenological observation. In the third section, I examine critics’ objections to these arguments. I particularly discuss Wrathall, Malpas, and Rorty’s criticisms and show which of them is on the right track. I conclude that there are good reasons to doubt that Dreyfus and Spinoza’s robust realism would be a plausible philosophical account and an authentic interpretation of Heidegger.
Research Paper
Sajjad Hejri
Abstract
Terminology is one of the necessities of any science, which, if done historically, would be doubly useful. Among the terms of practical philosophy, which although it is familiar and used extensively in the sciences of the Qur'an as well as in history and custom, as a philosophical expression, it has ...
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Terminology is one of the necessities of any science, which, if done historically, would be doubly useful. Among the terms of practical philosophy, which although it is familiar and used extensively in the sciences of the Qur'an as well as in history and custom, as a philosophical expression, it has not been studied from a historical point of view, it is the word مدنی, which is the relational adjective of مدینة. This term, which is widely used in the heritage of the Islamic world, is used in the title of the third branch of practical wisdom, الفلسفة المدنیة, and the infamous and fundamental term مدنی بالطبع which is central to philosophical anthropology and philosophy of social sciences, is derived from it. Therefore, it is necessary to address it, especially studying it in civilization studies is also necessary; because the word civilization is also based on it. By examining the مدینة and مدنی in the original dictionaries of the Arabic language such as Al-Ain, Mukhtar Al-Sahah, Tahzib Al-Loghah, as well as in books related to Quranic sciences, this article opens the way for its research in the Arabic reports/translations of Greek philosophical texts which by investigating them it seems that the unknown translator of Aristotle's Rhetoric is a pioneer in the use of مدینة and its derivatives in the Greek translation of πολις and its derivatives, and in the use of مدینی as a relational adjective is also unique and perhaps it is a sign of its antiquity.
