Research Paper
Alireza Esmaeilzadeh Barzi
Abstract
This paper is going to draw a comparison between pagan and Christian apologies for holy images. To this end, after giving a general history of the issue, the most important criticisms made of the images and veneration of them will be briefly considered. The next step is a detailed comparison between ...
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This paper is going to draw a comparison between pagan and Christian apologies for holy images. To this end, after giving a general history of the issue, the most important criticisms made of the images and veneration of them will be briefly considered. The next step is a detailed comparison between the two groups of apologies. These apologies are mostly concentrated on demonstrating the necessity of images, their functions, and their compatibility with the spiritual core of religion. The comparison will show that the Christian apologies are analogical in their basic aspects to the pagan apologies. In other words, the apologies that some Christian theologians made for images in response to the other Christians and Jews, was in a way the reproduction of apologies that pagan philosophers made in response to early Christians. A subsidiary result of this analogy is the transformation and restriction of the meaning of idolatry. Idolatry's definition in this transition becomes more and more restricted to the object of worship and no longer heeds to the rituals and appearances.
Research Paper
Ahmad Ali Heydari; Mohammad Hassan Yaghoubian; Ghasem Pourhassan
Abstract
The aim of this research is to study the nature of intercultural philosophy with a descriptive-analytical approach from the point of view of Ram Adhar Mall, who traveled to the West with an Indian background and founded the Association of Intercultural Philosophy in Germany. Using the relation between ...
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The aim of this research is to study the nature of intercultural philosophy with a descriptive-analytical approach from the point of view of Ram Adhar Mall, who traveled to the West with an Indian background and founded the Association of Intercultural Philosophy in Germany. Using the relation between culture and philosophy, cultural other, overlaps, truth, pluralism, and tolerance, he has developed an intercultural philosophy with an Eastern reading, which, of course, comes from an Indian Dharma as a fact and different names; but he has transcended its spatiality and tried to critique European centralism and inverted Eastern ethnocentrism, speaking of a white philosophy that is inherently devoid of a particular color, language, and race, and has diverse roots in a number of different cultures. Four-dimensional hermeneutics is depicted between Europeans and non-Europeans. Thus, intercultural philosophy is an attitude or moral commitment and leads to a way of life. It also differentiates them based on the common and overlapping structures of cultures and moves towards a polyphonic discourse in the world without absolute self-concept and tries to re-read Indian philosophy in the world discourse. It also seeks an intercultural society and a world with unequal unity.
Research Paper
Hossein Kharazmi
Abstract
Moral psychology for decades focused on reasoning, but recent evidence finds that emotions play a fundamental role in moral judgment. One of the models for explaining moral judgment is Greene’s Dual-process model of moral judgment. He believes that we can arrive at moral judgments either through ...
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Moral psychology for decades focused on reasoning, but recent evidence finds that emotions play a fundamental role in moral judgment. One of the models for explaining moral judgment is Greene’s Dual-process model of moral judgment. He believes that we can arrive at moral judgments either through reasoning or through emotions, according to which both automatic emotional responses and more controlled cognitive responses are involved in moral judgment. More specifically, utilitarian moral judgments are driven by cognitive processes while non-utilitarian judgments are driven by automatic emotional responses. Green tries to prove his point through experimental experiments and cognitive neuroscience. But according to the sample of violations and recent research, his view does not seem to provide a comprehensive and adequate explanation.
Research Paper
Zahra Sarkarpour; Zahra Khazaei
Abstract
The theory of “knowledge by presence” has a special place in the Sadra system. “Knowledge by presence” is both a theory of knowledge in Sadra's philosophy and a theory for explaining self-knowledge. Reflecting on this important theory will immediately make us realize its complex ...
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The theory of “knowledge by presence” has a special place in the Sadra system. “Knowledge by presence” is both a theory of knowledge in Sadra's philosophy and a theory for explaining self-knowledge. Reflecting on this important theory will immediately make us realize its complex and mysterious nature. The present paper intends to provide an accurate and clear reading of this theory in a clearer language in the form of a comparative approach between this theory and one of the most important theories of self-knowledge in the analytic philosophy, namely the theory of “Knowledge by acquaintance”. At first glance, Russell's theory of “Knowledge by acquaintance” is one of the most similar to Sadra's theory. Such characteristics as the condition of presence, immediacy, and infallibility are examples of the similarity of these two theories. But the discussion of “unity of the knower and the known” in Sadra's theory is the point of separation between the two theories, and in fact, it is a place that will seriously challenge the claim of closeness between these theories. Finally, perhaps with some tolerance, Russell's theory is a primitive and incomplete picture of Sadra's theory. Furthermore, it should be noted that understanding these two theories in the context of the different philosophical systems of these two philosophers -namely Sadra's theory of Unity and originality of existence and Russel's theory of Knowledge by Acquaintance- makes it more difficult to claim the deep closeness between these two theories.
Research Paper
Monireh Naderi; Mohammad Javad Safian; Hossin Ardalani
Abstract
Freud's approach toward understanding art is limited to some factors. He overemphasizes the neural aspects of artistic experience. His analysis of artists, to a great extent, depends on his need to expand and indicate the psychoanalytic theory he was working on. He confessed that he failed to confront ...
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Freud's approach toward understanding art is limited to some factors. He overemphasizes the neural aspects of artistic experience. His analysis of artists, to a great extent, depends on his need to expand and indicate the psychoanalytic theory he was working on. He confessed that he failed to confront art's official and technical aspects, and psychoanalysis has not yet been able to realize the artist's intrinsic "secret" and "mysterious ability" in creating a work of art. Freud investigated the artist's individual unconscious for the origin of creating a work of art. Freud's view of art can be seen as a continuation of the modern aesthetic view of art and at the same time expresses its criticality. We are faced with a different approach to art and the beginning of a work of art. In this approach, Heidegger sees the beginning of the work of art as separate from the artist and his personal life and tries to connect art with the truth. On this basis, he gives a new interpretation of art. This study explored the foundations, components, and assumptions of psychoanalytic interpretation of art. According to Heidegger, one of the places where truth is realized is in art. Moreover, based on Heideggerian thought on art and poetic thought, this study examined the strengths and weaknesses of psychoanalytic interpretation of art and attempted to explore the relationship between art and truth in psychoanalytic interpretation and Heidegger's interpretation of art.
Research Paper
Amir Maziar; Neda Ghiasi
Abstract
Imagination is most traditionally assumed as something that is a contradiction of reality. Accordingly, it is considered as a faculty that is merely able to evoke our emotions and feelings and implies unreal things that do not contribute to cognition. This is one of the most important themes of Paul ...
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Imagination is most traditionally assumed as something that is a contradiction of reality. Accordingly, it is considered as a faculty that is merely able to evoke our emotions and feelings and implies unreal things that do not contribute to cognition. This is one of the most important themes of Paul Ricoeurˊs theory. By analyzing and criticizing other theories, he tries to go over this contradiction and emphasizes the functional aspect of imagination and its contribution to reality. By exploring through various texts of Ricoeur, in order to achieve an organized framework, this article seeks to show how imagination can play a main role in the construction of reality. Therefore, by taking up Ricoeurˊs claims, first of all, we explain his verbal turn which has two functions and also significant consequences. These functions include schematizing synthesis and projecting new meanings, which elaborated on three levels. In this way, it can be seen how a poetic schema creates a picture by inventing a new meaning, which indirectly refers to reality and hence defamiliarizes it. Finally, we try to point out the most key consequences of this new understanding.
Research Paper
somayeh Nasri; Ali Moradkhani
Abstract
The development of modern art and contemporary art criticized the concept of representation, which dominated art philosophy for nearly two millennia. Accordingly, the classical conception of representation was no longer able to analyze the new artifacts that emerged from the formation of modern ...
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The development of modern art and contemporary art criticized the concept of representation, which dominated art philosophy for nearly two millennia. Accordingly, the classical conception of representation was no longer able to analyze the new artifacts that emerged from the formation of modern art. Arthur Danto is among the twentieth-century art philosophers reevaluated "representation" taking into account contemporary art. The current paper aims at explaining Danto's conception of art as a representation based on the book “The Transfiguration of the Commonplace”. Danto believes that in today's art we see the emergence of real objects in artworks and other art is no longer merely the representation of reality but the real objects themselves that have become artworks. He views artworks as symbolic expressions that embody themselves. Thus, the current paper explains why Danto proposed this theory and stating how he devised another interpretation of the concept of representation and explained that concept distinct from its classical conception. The importance of Danto's view in this regard is to examine contemporary art samples based on a new interpretation of the concept. The importance of Danto's view in this regard is to examine contemporary art samples based on a new interpretation of the concept. This article also mentions a case study of contemporary artist Jeff Koons.
Research Paper
Faezeh Nourian; Najmeh Shobeiri
Abstract
“Path of perfection”, one of the most famous concepts and terms in mysticism, has been derived from a conceptual domain formed in relation to the meaning of walking or passing. As if they really thought of this process as a path that exists. Also, the word "camino" in Spanish means road, ...
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“Path of perfection”, one of the most famous concepts and terms in mysticism, has been derived from a conceptual domain formed in relation to the meaning of walking or passing. As if they really thought of this process as a path that exists. Also, the word "camino" in Spanish means road, and that is the beginning of the subscriptions between these two literary styles. In this context, there is a metaphorical notion around the concept which is consistent with the notion of mystical conduct. Eventually, they both refer to the concept of the “creed”. Other terms including “moradas” have the same structure. "Morada" literally means residence and refers to the place where we choose to stay. But in mystical terms, it means the stage that the mystics choose: a way to “transcendency”. Hence, it is quite compatible with the concept of “Manzel” which means residences “on the way”. Three major grades of Spanish mysticism that are known as “Path of Perfection” can be a departure point in a comparative approach to Mystic studies in Iran and Spain and further investigations of these concepts and senses. Accordingly, this paper gives examples from the biography of Santa Teresa de Jesus and Abu-Saeed Abulkhair. From this point of view, due to the subscription in their lifetime, mortifications, thoughts, doctrines, creed, and their unique incorporations between poetry and ascetics, this paper aims to characterize an aspect in resemblance of these mystical methods.
