philosophy
Payam Fazli
Abstract
The effects of philosophical concepts can be seen in various fields of science. One of the areas of influence of philosophy on economics has been around methodological concepts and epistemology. It seems that prominent economists of the 20th century were not without this influence. One of the philosophical ...
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The effects of philosophical concepts can be seen in various fields of science. One of the areas of influence of philosophy on economics has been around methodological concepts and epistemology. It seems that prominent economists of the 20th century were not without this influence. One of the philosophical concepts affecting Friedman's methodology is the concept of instrumentalism. This concept is one of the challenging and important topics that has been considered in Friedman's economics article. The use of this word and concept in the case of Friedman's article has been a controversial issue and has led to the emergence of challenging discussions in this regard. In this article, the correctness of attributing this word to Friedman's methodology has been discussed. The findings of the research show that there were elements of instrumentalism in Friedman's article and the presence of these elements of instrumentalism in Friedman's article has caused many to use this word about Friedman's methodology. Despite the existence of some commonalities, Friedman's instrumentalism has significant differences from conventional philosophical instrumentalism. Philosophical instrumentalism means a philosophical approach that has been proposed against the current of realism, but Friedman's instrumentalism does not fundamentally oppose realism and is mostly stopped in the methodological field. If instrumentalism means Friedman's use of theories as a tool to achieve the goal of prediction, then Friedman can be described as an instrumentalist; but if we use this word in its philosophical meaning, Friedman has a significant distance from this type of instrumentalism. Paying attention to this subtle distinction can prevent many misunderstandings regarding Friedman's methodology.
Farang Qobadi; Hossein Houshangi
Abstract
The main concern in the discussion of philosophical rationalities is epistemology. Secondary rationalities have an origin in the mind, the question of whether or not these concepts apply outside the mind is important. By what mechanism or process does the mind achieve them? How and in what form is the ...
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The main concern in the discussion of philosophical rationalities is epistemology. Secondary rationalities have an origin in the mind, the question of whether or not these concepts apply outside the mind is important. By what mechanism or process does the mind achieve them? How and in what form is the realization of the rationalities of the second? Allameh Tabatabai knows how to obtain philosophical concepts in two ways: present knowledge and analysis of verdicts in propositions. The relationship between these two methods is not without ambiguity and Allameh has raised both in parallel. He prefers the second way, in the way of realism, he believes that the philosophical rationals of the second are the discoverers of the real world through the relational beings who are in the mind and the exact same. Secondary philosophical intellects have a hierarchy in the way of abstraction and realism that are completely different from each other. In this article, we will examine Allameh Tabatabai point of view with an analytical method.
Mehdi Mohammadi; Asghar Vaezi
Abstract
Tabatabai and Motahari consider Sadra's philosophy to be a realistic philosophy and claim a kind of realism in the book "Principles of Philosophy and the Method of Realism". Ilham Dilman also believes that Wittgenstein's rejection of realism does not make him an idealist. Rather, Wittgenstein is also ...
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Tabatabai and Motahari consider Sadra's philosophy to be a realistic philosophy and claim a kind of realism in the book "Principles of Philosophy and the Method of Realism". Ilham Dilman also believes that Wittgenstein's rejection of realism does not make him an idealist. Rather, Wittgenstein is also considered a realist in a sense. This article examines and compares the realism proposed in "Principles..." on the one hand and the realism that Dillman attributes to Wittgenstein on the other hand.
seyyed mohammad hakak; zahra Esmaeli
Abstract
Abstract In history of philosophy, the universals are considered to be one of the most important and controversial problems. A group of thinkers has highlighted to be mark of difference between human and animal while some others have degraded it to a mere name. Importance of this issue was ...
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Abstract In history of philosophy, the universals are considered to be one of the most important and controversial problems. A group of thinkers has highlighted to be mark of difference between human and animal while some others have degraded it to a mere name. Importance of this issue was different in various ages but in medieval ages it enjoyed more importance. Locke and then Berkley, who considered to be the heir of medieval philosophy, inevitably discussed it and propounded new theories. This article is an attempt to discuss these theories. At first, Locke's theory and its problem were treated and then Berkley's theory was explored with reference to its strong and weak points. Then a middle way is propounded to describe the universals as viewed by both philosophers including their strong points.
gholamhoseyn tavakoli
Abstract
Moral Error Theory was formulated by J. L. Mackie and later modified and supported by other scholars, including Richard Joyce. The theory has been so influential that some authorities consider new realism of late 20th century a response to Moral Error Theory and an attempt to resolve the dilemmas Mackie ...
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Moral Error Theory was formulated by J. L. Mackie and later modified and supported by other scholars, including Richard Joyce. The theory has been so influential that some authorities consider new realism of late 20th century a response to Moral Error Theory and an attempt to resolve the dilemmas Mackie created for the moral objectivists. In other words, followers of this theory believe that all moral propositions, while descriptive of truth, are false, for the truth they refer to does not exist in the outside world. It has both positive and negative aspects. Its negative aspect is related To ontology or moral metaphysics. In this regard, the supporters of Moral Error Theory reject the existence of moral facts. Its positive aspect is, in fact, its semantic and linguistic aspect; the moral facts are said to refer to real affairs, moral sentences are descriptive, and the language of morals is used to serve this purpose. Caught between Realism and Non-Realism, Moral Error Theory, thus, takes the middle stance; it accepts the value of moral sentences in the same way as Realists do. On the other side, it rejects objective moral facts in the same manner as Moral Non-Realism does.
ali paya
Abstract
The aim of the present paper is to sbo» that anti-realism in science, 1vhich has a1;guab/y become more fashionable in recentyears, contrary to tuha: its proponents assert, cannot make use of quantum mechanics and its impressiue achievements as a frump card in justifying its claims. I will argue ...
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The aim of the present paper is to sbo» that anti-realism in science, 1vhich has a1;guab/y become more fashionable in recentyears, contrary to tuha: its proponents assert, cannot make use of quantum mechanics and its impressiue achievements as a frump card in justifying its claims. I will argue that scientific anti-realism far from providing scientific communiry with a progressive methodologicalframeuorle is a restrictive approach wbicb would hamper scientific progress. Focusing on the historical evidence of the 1vqys in subicb quantum mechanics was deueloped, I 1vill further argue that the orthodox interpretation of quantum mechanics due to Bohr and Heisenberg, among others, iuith its in-built anti-realistic elements provides a damning verdict against the claims of anti-realists. Following a critical assessment of a number of alternative interpretations or the calculus of quantum mechanics, I shall present realistic approaches which provide more effective and frudful conceptualframeu;orks for the advancement of research in the quantum
