Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student in Philosophy, Khatam University, Tehran, Iran

2 Associate Professor of Philosophy, Iranian Research Institute of Philosophy and Khatam University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

From Kant’s view, freedom is the universal property of humans as the autonomy of will. He established morals on the ground of freedom through legislation of Practical Reason. In Kant’s philosophy, freedom is a ground, based on which humans have dignity as an individual and human beings. The concept of freedom is conjunct with moral law and practical reason and is not found in the scope of nature. The moral law being freedom in a sense elevates humans from the scope of nature and gives them value and dignity, which is based on freedom and autonomy. A moral human creates value for the world, and human is the end of creation. The Intermediator of human relationship as a moral being and the end of nature is the freedom concept. This article is written concentrating on Kant’s view of “The relationship between dignity and humans freedom”. Freedom is neither an objective matter nor the subject of cognition because the concept of freedom is related to the rational world and is realized in the behavior and disposition of humans. Everything has a price or dignity in the land of ends. Whatever has a price could be traded, but what is more valuable than any value and has no equivalent whatsoever is dignity. The humanity of humans is the only being that has “dignity” as long as it is capable of having morality.

Keywords

Baertz, Kurt, "The Idea of Human Dignity: Problems and Contradictions", translated by Shahin Aawani (2004), in the book "The Pain of Philosophy", Lessons of Philosophy: The Celebration of Professor Karim Mojtahedi (pp. 115-135). Tehran: Kavir. [in Persian]
Guyer, Paul. (2018). A guide to reading Kant's metaphysical foundation of ethics, translated by Seyyed Ali Tagavi Nasab, Tehran: Humanities Tarjoman. [in Persian]
Hoffa, Otfried. (2015). The moral law within me; An introduction to Immanuel Kant's practical philosophy, translated by Reza Musaibi, Tehran: Nashr Ney. [in Persian]
Jaspers, Carl. (1993). Kant, translated by Mir Abdul Hossein Naqibzadeh, Tehran: Tahouri Library. [in Persian]
Kant, Immanuel, (2004). The Meaning of General History in the End of Cosmopolitanism. Translated by Manouchehr Sanei Darehbidi, Tehran: Naqsh and Negar. [in Persian]
Kant, Immanuel (1964), Critique of Pure Reason (CPR), translated by Norman Kemp Smith, London, Macmillan.
Kant, Immanuel (1889), Critique of Practical Reason (CPrR), Translated by Thomas Kingsmill Abbott, Cambridge University Press.
Kant, Immanuel (2002): Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals (GMM), Edited and translated by Allen W. Wood, Yale university press.
Kant, Immanuel (2004), Prolegomena to Any Further Metaphysics (Proleg.), Gray Hatfield, Cambridge University Press.
Kant, Immanuel (1991), The Metaphysics of Morals (MM), Introduction, translated and notes by Mary Gregor, Cambridge university press.
Mujtahiedi, Karim. (2008). Kant's critical philosophy, Tehran: Amirkabir. [in Persian]
Neumann, Franz (1940), "Types of Natural Law" in: Studies in Philosophy and Social Science, ed. Institute of Social Research, New York and Paris, pp. 338- 361.
Peyton, Herbert James. (2017). Absolute Matter: A Study in Kant's Moral Philosophy, translated by Seyyed Ali Asghari, Tehran: Institute of Human Sciences and Cultural Studies. [in Persian]
Rousseau, Jean Jacques. (2001). Emile; A treatise on education, translated by Gholam Hossein Zirakzadeh, Tehran: Nahid. [in Persian]
Ritter, Joachim; Grunder, Carlfried; Gabriel, Gottfried. (2014). Historical Dictionary of Concepts of Philosophy, Volume 3: Moral Philosophy, editors: Mohammadreza Hosseini Beheshti, Bahman Pazouki, Tehran: Hikmat and Philosophy Research Institute of Iran. [in Persian]
Salomon, Robert Charles; Higgins, Kathleen M. (2019), Routledge's History of Philosophy; The Age of German Idealism, translated by Hassan Mortazavi, Tehran: Cheshmeh. [in Persian]
Sharaf, Sharafuddin Khorasani. (1975). From Bruno to Kant; A sketch of the most prominent philosophical figures of modern times, Tehran: Elmi Farhangi. [in Persian]
Sensen, Oliver (2011), Kant on Human Dignity, Germany, De Gruyter.