Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Associate Professor of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

This survey has been done to illuminate and explain Sadra’s ontological viewpoint on the entity of the inborn and innate love in the existence of non-human animals using the analytic and descriptive method (library documentary). In the sight of Sadra, in the whole universe, from the lowest beings to the highest ones, love permeates through the entire world of existence. From Sadraii's wisdom viewpoint, animals are one of the creatures in the essence of existence that possesses their own perfect attributes. Animals have souls, the effects of which are life, perception, free choice, and love. Love is one of the hallmarks and perfections of existence in animals. Animals have an order for their existence, and they are attributed with perfection to the extent of their intensity and weakness. That is to say, all animals are not at the same level. Their perfection is also the same as their existence. There are life, perception, and love in animals, but depends on their proportion of existence. All animals are in love, but every animal having the highest share of its rank enjoys more love. Mullah Sadra's ontological principles in proving the existence and flow of love in animals are that the existence is “original”,
“non-composite”, “equivocal” and “coextensive” with life, conception, and love, and “God, the Almighty, is the true Beloved of all beings including animals’ souls.” Evolutionally, animals can only move to the point where the humanity of human beings.

Keywords

Allen, C. (1998). Assessing animal cognition: ethological and philosophical perspectives. J Anim Sci  76:42-7. https://doi. 10. 2527/1998. 76142x.
Anderson, D. , Ralph, A. (2014). A Framework for Studying Emotions Across Species. Cell. 157(1):187–200. https://doi. 10. 1016/j. cell. 2014. 03. 003.
Bekoff, M. (2000a). Animal Emotions: Exploring Passionate Natures:
     Current interdisciplinary research provides compelling evidence that  many animals experience such emotions as joy, fear, love, despair, and grief—we are not alone. Bio Sci 50(10): 861–70. https://doi. 10. 1641/0006- 3568(2000)050[0861:aeepn]2. 0. co;2.
Bekoff, M. (2000b). The Smile of a Dolphin: Remarkable Accounts of Animal Emotions. Discovery Books, New York: USA.
Bekoff, M. (2012). Animal Emotions and Animal Sentience and Why They Matter: Blending ‘Science Sense’ with Common Sense, Compassion and Heart, Book; Animal, trade and ethics. London: England, p 27-8.
Bekoff, M. , Peirce, J. (2009). Wild Justice: The Moral Lives of Animals. University Of Chicago Press, pp 188-95.
Berridge, K. , Kringelbach, M. (2008). Affective neuroscience of pleasure: reward in humans and animals. Psychopharm 199(3):457-80. https://doi. 10. 1007/s00213-008-1099-6.
Goodall,  J. (1990). Through a Window. Houghton-Mifflin, Boston, pp 268-9.
Goodall, J. (2000). “Pride Goeth Before a Fall. ” In The Smile of a Dolphin: Remarkable Accounts of Animal Emotions , ed. Mark. Bekoff: Random House, Discovery Books, New York, pp166-8.
Heinrich, (1999). Mind of the Raven: Investigations and Adventures with Wolf-Birds. : Cliff Street Books, New York, p 432.
Javadi Amoli, A. (1996). Rahiq Makhtum, Commentary on the al-Hikmat al-muta’aliyah, Section 4, Volume 2, Qom, Isra'a Publications.] In Persian [
Khalili, M. H. (2006). The philosophical foundations of love from the perspective of Avicenna and Mulla Sadra, Qom, Boostan ketab. ] In Persian [
LeDoux, J. (2012). Rethinking the emotional brain. Neuron. 73:347-54.
LeDoux, J. , Phelps, L. , Alberini, C. (2016). What we talk about when we talk about emotions. Cell 167:1443-5. https://doi. 10. 1016/j. cell. 2016. 11. 029.
McRae, M. (2000). Central Africa's orphaned gorillas: Will they survive the wild?. Natio Geog 197: 284–97.
Makarem Shirazi, N. (2001). Tafsir-e Nemooneh, Tehran, Publishing Dar al-Kotob al-Eslamyyeh.] In Persian [
Mesbah Yazdi, M. T. (2014). Description of Asfar al-arba’ah, Qom, Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute, p. 444] .In Persian [
Mirzaei, H. R., Sadi, I. (2018). Animals′ knowledge and perception from the point of view of Sadraii wisdom, sadra's wisdom, year 7, no. 1, 129-137. ] In Persian [
Mosleh, J. (2012). Mulla Sadra's Psychology. University of Tehran Press, Tehran.] In Persian [
Nikzad, A. (2005). Permeation of perception, consciousness and love in all creatures. Quarterly Journal; Ravagh Andisheh, No. 43.] In Persian [
Panksepp, J. (1982). “Toward a General Psychobiological Theory of Emotions. Behaviour and Brain Sci 5: 407-467. https://doi. 10. 1017/s0140525x00012759
Panksepp, J. (2004). Affective Neuroscience. The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotion. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 480-2.
Paul, E. S. , Mendl, M. T. (2018). Animal emotion: Descriptive and prescriptive definitions and their implications for a comparative perspective. Appl Anim Behav Sci 205:202-9. https://doi. 10. 1016/j. applanim. 2018. 01. 008.
Plotinus (1984). Tasooat, Translated by Mohammad Hassan Lotfi, Tehran, Kharazmi Publications .] In Persian [
Poole, J. (1998). An exploration of a commonality between ourselves andelephants. Ethica & Animali 9:85–110.
Razi (Kolini), M. (1986). Osul-e-Kafi, Tehran, Dar al-Kotob al-Eslamyye]  In Persian [
Regan, T. (1983). The Case for Animal Rights. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, pp 474-76.
Sabzevari, H. (1982). Šarh  Manzuma Hekmat, Tehran, Tehran University Publication.] In Arabic [
Sabzevari, H. (2017). Asrar-Al-Hekam, Tehran, Mula.] In Arabic [
Sadeghi Hassan Abadi, M. (2000). A glance at Love in Transcendent Wisdom. Kheradname-ye Sadra, No. 20, 90-100.] In Persian [
Sadr al-Din Shirazi, M. (1981). Al-Shawadhid al-Rububiyyah. In Seyyed Jalal al-Din Ashtiani (ed.). Tehran: University Publication Center.] In Arabic [
__________________. (1984). Mafatih al-qayb, First Edition, Introduction and Correction by Mohammad Khajavi, Tehran, Institute for Cultural Studies and Research.] In Persian [
__________________. (1986). al-Mabda’ wa’l-ma’ad, Translated by Jafar Shah Nazari, Qom University Press, Qom, pp. 535] .In Persian [
__________________. (1987). Al-Shawadhid al-rububiyyah, translated by Javad Mosleh, Soroush Publications, Tehran] .In Persian [
__________________. (1990). al-Hikmat al-muta’aliyah fi’l-asfar al-arba’ah, Beirut al-Thirath al-Arabi, Beirut.] In Arabic [
__________________. (2003). Explanation and commentary of Sadr al-Mutallah on the theology of healing (Sharhi Elahiat Shifa). Najafqali Habibi (Ed.). Tehran: Sadra Islamic Wisdom Foundation.] In Persian [
__________________. (2012). Risalat al-hashr, translated by Mohammad Khajavi, Mola Publications, Tehran] .In Persian [
Shahbazi, A.  (2011). Animals rights : Reflection on theory and behavior, 14 (36), -Serial Number 39, Winter, 27-36.] In Persian [
Singer, P. (1975). Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for our Treatment of Animals. Random House, New York, p 301.
Veissier, A. B. , Désiré, L. , Greiveldinger, L. (2009). Animals’ emotions: studies in sheep using appraisal theories. Anim Welf 18:347-54.
Würsig, Bernd (2000). Leviathan love. in Bekoff Mark, ed. The Smile of a Dolphin: Remarkable Accounts of Animal Emotions. Random House/Discovery Books, New York, pp 224.
Zinali, R., Najafzadeh Torbati, A, Hosseini Shahroudi, S. M. (2017). The Philosophical Foundations of Molla Sadra in proving the knowledge of all creatures to god, Teachings of Islamic Philosophy, No. 20, Spring-Winter, 29-46.] In Persian [