philosophy
Hossein Ghassami; mohammad Asghari
Abstract
By analyzing the story "Report to the Academy" by Franz Kafka and considering it in the context of Aristotle's and Heidegger's views on the explanation of man, this research has tried to achieve a new reading of the concept of man. Aristotle considers the concept of wisdom or Logos to be the foundation ...
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By analyzing the story "Report to the Academy" by Franz Kafka and considering it in the context of Aristotle's and Heidegger's views on the explanation of man, this research has tried to achieve a new reading of the concept of man. Aristotle considers the concept of wisdom or Logos to be the foundation of human beings; he repeatedly states this opinion in his three important works, namely "Politics", "Ethics of Nicomachus" and "Poetry". Although Aristotle's opinion has been accepted in the history of thought, this does not mean that others are trying to explain new readings that did not come from humans. One of these thinkers is Martin Heidegger. In the article "Language", Heidegger, while dealing with the nature of language, also explores the nature of man. According to this research, Aristotle's emphasis on the originality of wisdom or logos on the one hand and Heidegger's interpretation of man as a linguist being on the other hand, can lead us to a new point of view. Based on this, wisdom and language are neither completely different nor completely similar. These two concepts can be used to complement each other. By referring to Kafka's story, this approach is clearly visible. Human nature is nothing but the harmony of wisdom and language.
Amir Maziar; Neda Ghiasi
Abstract
Imagination is most traditionally assumed as something that is a contradiction of reality. Accordingly, it is considered as a faculty that is merely able to evoke our emotions and feelings and implies unreal things that do not contribute to cognition. This is one of the most important themes of Paul ...
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Imagination is most traditionally assumed as something that is a contradiction of reality. Accordingly, it is considered as a faculty that is merely able to evoke our emotions and feelings and implies unreal things that do not contribute to cognition. This is one of the most important themes of Paul Ricoeurˊs theory. By analyzing and criticizing other theories, he tries to go over this contradiction and emphasizes the functional aspect of imagination and its contribution to reality. By exploring through various texts of Ricoeur, in order to achieve an organized framework, this article seeks to show how imagination can play a main role in the construction of reality. Therefore, by taking up Ricoeurˊs claims, first of all, we explain his verbal turn which has two functions and also significant consequences. These functions include schematizing synthesis and projecting new meanings, which elaborated on three levels. In this way, it can be seen how a poetic schema creates a picture by inventing a new meaning, which indirectly refers to reality and hence defamiliarizes it. Finally, we try to point out the most key consequences of this new understanding.
alireza faraji
Abstract
The question about life and living has a history as long as human history and it is a matter that has taken various faces in the evolution of thought history. Today, this question is being pursued more seriously, to the extent that it even became a branch of philosophy of religion in universities. Also, ...
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The question about life and living has a history as long as human history and it is a matter that has taken various faces in the evolution of thought history. Today, this question is being pursued more seriously, to the extent that it even became a branch of philosophy of religion in universities. Also, among various contemporary philosophical methods, analytic and linguistic philosophers have analyzed with precision and specificity the various structures of language propositions that are partly based on the attitudes of Wittgenstein's philosophical logic treatise. Therefore, analyzing the logical structure of the question of the meaning of life, and the correctness or inaccuracy of its design in Wittgenstein's thinking is attractive and new or modern; for, on the one hand, in his dual thought, propositions of some sciences such as ethics, philosophy, art, religion, and metaphysics are dumb and meaningless because they are not compatible with rational standards of language, and on the other hand, his faithful and pragmatic beliefs have led to different perceptions of human life and living. Hence, our attempt in the present article is to measure the contradiction and paradoxes in Wittgenstein's thinking in proportion to the important question of the meaning of life, and to review its possible answer.
Ruhollah rajabi; Reza Soleiman Heshmat
Abstract
Understanding logic, the possibility of new logics and also recognition (understanding) of grounds of metaphysics entails understanding of the truth of language. Language always recognized as the system of signs and in order to convey thoughts. Heidegger is one of the thinkers who has presented a special ...
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Understanding logic, the possibility of new logics and also recognition (understanding) of grounds of metaphysics entails understanding of the truth of language. Language always recognized as the system of signs and in order to convey thoughts. Heidegger is one of the thinkers who has presented a special thought in this area. In Being and Time, Heidegger recognizes speech as one of the existential characteristics of Dasein and believes that the understanding of being in the world is already unconcealed in speech. Later, Heidegger concentrates on the issue of language more fundamentally and asserts that language is the house of Being and Being unconceals itself in language. Dasein is absorbed in the speech of Being and Being is concealed in the speech of Dasein. Dasein can approach the truth of language in Angst. The speech of Being, is the ground of the language of the great thinkers and poets which renders the ground of the history of a people.
iman shafibeik
Abstract
This article is an attempt to explain the relation of language to knowledge according to Plato’s Cratylus. In this dialogue, Plato examines and then refuses the two views concerning the correctness of words: conventionalism (denoting that correctness of each word is by convention) and naturalism ...
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This article is an attempt to explain the relation of language to knowledge according to Plato’s Cratylus. In this dialogue, Plato examines and then refuses the two views concerning the correctness of words: conventionalism (denoting that correctness of each word is by convention) and naturalism (denoting that each word reveals the nature of the thing named by it). Moreover, he offers a series of etymologies seemingly to show that we should not rely on analyzing the words in search of truth. Finally, he concludes that we should learn the truth independently of words. This negative conclusion, specially due to its brevity in comparison with the whole dialogue, gives rise to different interpretations in the light of Plato’s other works. The result of this research is that, according to Cratylus, any method connected to language falls short in providing pure knowledge.
Mehdi Soleimani Khormoji; Mohammad Kazem Elmi Sola
Volume 10, Issue 40 , January 2015, , Pages 117-144
Abstract
We believe that everyone consciousness from himself is infallible while human consciousness from other things or even consciousness of other people to him is not infallible. How can explain this asymmetry? The most common response is usually based on the Locke's Cartesian explanation. Initially, we reduce ...
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We believe that everyone consciousness from himself is infallible while human consciousness from other things or even consciousness of other people to him is not infallible. How can explain this asymmetry? The most common response is usually based on the Locke's Cartesian explanation. Initially, we reduce this explanation in to four hypotheses. We believe that everyone consciousness from himself is infallible while human consciousness from other things or other people's consciousness to him is not infallible. How can explain this asymmetry? The most common response is usually based on the Locke's Cartesian explanation. Initially, we reduce this explanation into four hypotheses and then we will show that why can (or should) we are looking for an alternative explanation. Finally, we will provide an alternative explanation with reliance on the views of the later Wittgenstein, which based on that, belief in the infallibility of human in the consciousness of itself returns only to a linguistic presupposition which prepares us to interpret our words.
hamideh izadinia; asghar vaezi
Volume 10, Issue 39 , October 2014, , Pages 45-58
Abstract
Asghar Vaezi**
Abstract
Hirsch is of the belief that Gadamer’s hermeneutics theory leads to pluralism and relativism. Following romantic hermeneutic scholars, Hirsch believes the aim of reading a text to be achieving the goal of the author. Gadamer, however, believes that understanding is to ...
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Asghar Vaezi**
Abstract
Hirsch is of the belief that Gadamer’s hermeneutics theory leads to pluralism and relativism. Following romantic hermeneutic scholars, Hirsch believes the aim of reading a text to be achieving the goal of the author. Gadamer, however, believes that understanding is to reach an agreement and compatibility with the other, not to reach his or her intention. Therefore, Hirsch believes that the meaning of text is predetermined and the aim of reading is to discover this meaning. Gadamer, however, believes that meaning is produced as result of dialog between an interpreter and the text, and, therefore, there’s no such thing as a predetermined text. Based on this view, Gadamer regard language and its tools as the conditions of determining meaning, but Hirsch believes that language is merely an instrument of revealing meaning. From another point of view, Hirsch accuses Gadamer of lacking criteria. When meaning is an undetermined concept, there will be no criteria to distinguish correct interpretation from an incorrect one. In this paper, we aim to introduce Hirsch’s three main criticisms against Gadamer and also provide responses to these criticisms based on the views of Gadamer’s advocates.
**. Associate Professor of Philosophy; Shahid Beheshti University
E-mail: a_vaezi@sbu.ac.ir
[Date Received: 02/07/1391; Date Accepted: 11/11/1393]
zahra zavarian; bijan abdolkarimi
Abstract
Language has an important place in philosophical hermeneutics. The experience of human life is an area of being which is identifiable only through language. Language is a mediator through which understanding takes place. All understanding is interpretation, and all interpretation forms within the frame ...
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Language has an important place in philosophical hermeneutics. The experience of human life is an area of being which is identifiable only through language. Language is a mediator through which understanding takes place. All understanding is interpretation, and all interpretation forms within the frame of language. According to Gadamer, truth is disclosed to us on the event of understanding, and this disclosure relies more than anything else on a state of openness and dialogue. The relationship of language and being is reflectional. Language essentially has a reflective nature and makes possible for being to be disclosed through speech and conversation.
In Gadamer’s view, poetry and thought share a common ground. Poetry is an area within which thinking takes poetical form. The poet becomes able to hear the calling of existence through poetical empathy and liberation, and he thereby approaches the nature of existence.
A common element between the poet and the thinker, in addition to their empathy with existence, is their involvement in language. They disclose themselves in language, as though being only discloses itself through poetical thinking and thoughtful poetry.
Now the question is: How does the disclosure happen? How can the interpreter approach understanding of poetry? Is this understanding possible through method, or does Gadamer suggest another path to interpretation? The present paper aims to explore Gadamer’s views on the relationship of understanding and truth, that of language and existence, and of poetry and its interpretation.
mohammad meshkat
Volume 9, Issue 34 , July 2013, , Pages 21-62
Abstract
This is a comparative investigation of the views held by two philosophers (one practicing analytic philosophy and the other German idealism) regarding the foundation and beginning of philosophy. However, the article mainly addresses later Wittgenstein’s. The fact that Hegel and later Wittgenstein ...
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This is a comparative investigation of the views held by two philosophers (one practicing analytic philosophy and the other German idealism) regarding the foundation and beginning of philosophy. However, the article mainly addresses later Wittgenstein’s. The fact that Hegel and later Wittgenstein hold different views about the nature of philosophy and its methods and missions makes the discussion difficulty but interesting. With an emphasis on the foundation and beginning of philosophy, the researcher conducts a comparative study of their views about the social nature of language, private language, another, desire, form of life, essentialism, Platonism, Descartism, holism, doubt and certainty, groundless belief, worldview, subjectivity, description and clarification, rationalism, modern subjectivism, sense, and so on. The two share a belief in common sense or social discourse as well as the necessity of another. Another has a strong presence in their approach to the foundation of philosophy. The same is true about action. Philosophy has no foundation in absence of common sense, social discourse, and action. Their main areas of difference are essentialism, holism, and description and clarification. Finally, some areas for further research are suggested.
mohammad ali abdillahi; fatemeh farahanian
Abstract
One of the most important and novel philosophical issues proposed by Wittgenstein in his late stage of thought and in his influential book Philosophical Investigations is the issue of private language. This issue is so important that one can say the epistemology of second half of twentieth century is ...
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One of the most important and novel philosophical issues proposed by Wittgenstein in his late stage of thought and in his influential book Philosophical Investigations is the issue of private language. This issue is so important that one can say the epistemology of second half of twentieth century is entirely under its influence. Wittgenstein believes that the only way to get rid of epistemological and semantic skepticism is the rejection of private language. Furthermore, the problem of other minds, which has been an insoluble problem due to acceptance of the theory of private language, becomes fundamentally dissolved by rejecting the private language. While other solutions to the problem of other minds such as the argument from analogy and behaviorism suffer from many problems
mohammad asghari; nabiollah soleymani
Abstract
According to Rorty's reading of the analytic philosophy, the language acts as a media for reflecting external facts, and this view involves accepting a kind of a priori and mind-independent reality. However, Rorty holds that the language is not a mirror for representation of metalingustic facts, but ...
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According to Rorty's reading of the analytic philosophy, the language acts as a media for reflecting external facts, and this view involves accepting a kind of a priori and mind-independent reality. However, Rorty holds that the language is not a mirror for representation of metalingustic facts, but it is a tool for realizing human's ends and coping with the surroundin ecology, the point that gives rise to varitation of the mentioned tool. Rorty thinks that it is we, human beings, who by creating new words give meaning to the world, and apart from these words, there is no fact at all. In other words, the departure form the language is impossible. Now, we can ask whether the language is merely a mental reality or it has to cope with an external object, the possiblity from which Rorty escapes in fear of realism label. In this paper, we try to challenge Rorty's view about the mentioned question
mohammad ra'yat jahromi
Abstract
Wittgenstein and Gadamer, in some sense, are the last links of the two philosophical effective schools, namely the Analytical and the Continental philosophy; two traditions which seems somehow divergent. This paper rejects this divergence and intends to open the door of intercommunity of them by the ...
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Wittgenstein and Gadamer, in some sense, are the last links of the two philosophical effective schools, namely the Analytical and the Continental philosophy; two traditions which seems somehow divergent. This paper rejects this divergence and intends to open the door of intercommunity of them by the way of the language and its playfulness. Understanding is a common concern of Wittgenstein and Gadamer of which language based manner and playfulness are two main characteristics. Furthermore, there is a kind of simultaneity between playfulness and culture, tradition, prejudices and history about which we discuss in this paper. Besides, this paper intends to explicate the contrast between playfulness and gamefulness in Gadamer and Wittgenstein‘s thought.
mohammad javad safian; naser mo'meni
Abstract
According to the modern thought, the essence of human is his subjectivity and the world is mere extension and object of study. The result of this manner of thinking is the separation of the world and human being and alienation of human being from the world. Heidegger tries to revive the nearness of human ...
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According to the modern thought, the essence of human is his subjectivity and the world is mere extension and object of study. The result of this manner of thinking is the separation of the world and human being and alienation of human being from the world. Heidegger tries to revive the nearness of human being and the world, which existed before the new era. Particularly in his later thoughts, he tries to come over the idea of duality of world and human through thinking on the truth, dwelling, divinity, the language and the world. In his thoughts, the world includes of four features: Mortals (Human beings), the Divinity, the Sky and the Earth. Calling by Being, human beings dwell the earth, under the sky, and in nearness to the divinity.
hassan jafari
Abstract
Philosophy of religion is an intellectual and logical interpretation of religious experience and language. It merges in philosophy so far as its philosophical thinking about religion is concerned. Philosophical thought is always rational and very deeply intellectual. It is a rational analysis of religious ...
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Philosophy of religion is an intellectual and logical interpretation of religious experience and language. It merges in philosophy so far as its philosophical thinking about religion is concerned. Philosophical thought is always rational and very deeply intellectual. It is a rational analysis of religious experience and the problem of the language of religion. In the philosophy of religion as it has developed in the Western philosophy and Christian theology, two main questions may be identified as representing problems associated with the religious use of language. How we ought to understand the terms which we use to predicate certain things of God? Do these terms bear the same sense when used of God and of creatures? Another problem is that God is so fundamentally and so enormously different from human beings and other creatures that it seems impossible for terms to be true of God and of creatures in just the same sense. In recent years a number of analyses of theological discourse have been suggested. Thus, this paper analyses a reduction the problem of the language of religion by discussing symbolic interpretation which is alternatively a development of symbolism in religious texts and practices. Therefore, the first of this paper includes the review of the problem of the language of religion and philosophers’ and theologians’ reflections on it. Secondly, it surveys the correlation between symbolism and interpretation and their function in analyzing.
