zahra khazaei
Abstract
According to traditional philosophical literature, Akrasia is defined as acting against one’s best judgment. Philosophers have considered Akrasia as synonymous with the weakness of will. However, Holton considers these two phenomena to be distinct and argues that weakness of will is better understood ...
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According to traditional philosophical literature, Akrasia is defined as acting against one’s best judgment. Philosophers have considered Akrasia as synonymous with the weakness of will. However, Holton considers these two phenomena to be distinct and argues that weakness of will is better understood as over-readily giving up on one's resolutions. This study seeks to show that these two phenomena – unlike Holton's claim – are not distinct, but the accounts of Akrasia and weakness of will take two approaches to explain the reasons behind quitting actions: (1) in terms of its relationship to the agent; and (2) in terms of its relationship to the action. The researcher attempts to show that Holton's interpretation of the weakness of will refers to the second perspective whereas Aristotle approaches it from two perspectives. However, on duly analyzing the elements put forward by Holton, we can see them to be consistent with those of Aristotle.
Mohammad Hosseinzadeh
Abstract
One of the new challenges to ‘free will’, based on new sciences, is the experiment that Benjamin Libet did about the brain’s processes that lead to human will. In this experiment he concluded that it is not so that humans initially will, and then the brain will work and execute the ...
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One of the new challenges to ‘free will’, based on new sciences, is the experiment that Benjamin Libet did about the brain’s processes that lead to human will. In this experiment he concluded that it is not so that humans initially will, and then the brain will work and execute the order of the will and finally organs move as a result of those process; but it is the human brains that unconsciously initiate the will 400 ms before action and humans will be aware of the brain's decision only 150 ms before the action. In this article, we have discussed the Libet's experiment on conscious will and according to the principles of Mulla Sadra, such as the abstract - material identity of the soul, predication between the soul and the forces, consciousness in all degrees of existence; we have explained the conscious will. The result of this study is that in Mulla Sadra's philosophy, Libeb's experiment does not conflict with the conscious will.
