Mohammad Anbarsooz; Yousef Nozohour
Abstract
Baruch Spinoza, the rationalist philosopher of the seventeenth century, devoted special attention to knowledge and epistemology. In his philosophy, knowledge has types and classes, the most valid of which is intuitive knowledge, and from this point of view, he focused on intuition, its objects, and its ...
Read More
Baruch Spinoza, the rationalist philosopher of the seventeenth century, devoted special attention to knowledge and epistemology. In his philosophy, knowledge has types and classes, the most valid of which is intuitive knowledge, and from this point of view, he focused on intuition, its objects, and its features. This paper, studying the types of cognition in Spinoza’s thought, attempts to explain its meaning and the object. Furthermore, the article, based on two sorts of interpretations, shows that, in the development of Spinoza’s philosophy, the object of intuition changes. This variation is caused by passing Spinoza’s thought from the division of knowledge, based on the form in the TRE, to that division, based on content in Ethics and there are serious debates among interpreters about that. In both works, Spinoza’s intuition is inferential, immediate, and irregular. Although, in TRE, its object is attribute and mode, while in Ethics, it is only mode or the essence of a particular thing. Finally, we show that the realization of intuitive knowledge guarantees credible and efficient knowledge and leads to liberty and happiness as the main purpose of Spinoza's philosophy.
Abstract
In this paper I propose an argument against the conciliatory view in peer disagreement. One of the most important grounds for conciliatory views is the assumption that the epistemic situation in peer disagreement between two peers is symmetri cal. Symmetry justifies the conciliatory views. If so, showing ...
Read More
In this paper I propose an argument against the conciliatory view in peer disagreement. One of the most important grounds for conciliatory views is the assumption that the epistemic situation in peer disagreement between two peers is symmetri cal. Symmetry justifies the conciliatory views. If so, showing that the situation is actually asymmetric should count as a refutation to conciliatory views of disagreement. By appealing to the difference between the processes by which the beliefs of the two parties have been formed, I try to show that there is a difference between the reliabilities of the two beliefs. This means the asymmetrical situation between two peers in disagreement. Since the conciliatory and steadfast views are contradictory views, any argument against one of them should be considered as an argument for the other.
davoud esparham
Abstract
Befor Inb Arabi, according to the Helenistic view, the human perception was confined to sensations and objects of reason. And, for the sensation was regarded as an instrument for reason, the latter was thought as the final perceptive faculty. Furthermore, the reason supported by logics, was regarded ...
Read More
Befor Inb Arabi, according to the Helenistic view, the human perception was confined to sensations and objects of reason. And, for the sensation was regarded as an instrument for reason, the latter was thought as the final perceptive faculty. Furthermore, the reason supported by logics, was regarded as the final judge. In the mentioned thought tradition, all of findings should be assessed in the light of reason to their truth of falsity be determined. Ibn Arabi suggests a new worldview and makes the traditional conception of reason encountered to some main challengs. According to this fact, orientalists rightly have called him the largest and most influential thinker in the second half of Islamic age. Ibn Arabi's meeting with Averoes – the main philosopher of his age – is regarded as a kind of end for a long time tradition and the begining of a new route. The route Ibn Arabi founded is takig authority from reason and giving it to the imagination in an strict sense. Nowaday, after the rise of postmodernism and many challenges about modern hypothses about the nature of human being and rationality, and refutation of many modern assumptions, inclination to reassessment of oriental thoughts has been increased, and therefore, there is an increasingly interest in Ibn Arabi's views. Thus, it is necessary to all of his ideas are studied in the light of current streams of thoughts. This paper tries to study and explicate Ibn Arabi's views about the imaginantion and its role and function in the realm of perception
mohsen javadi; hamid bakhshandeh
Abstract
Nikolay Berdyayev, the Russian religious and political philosopher, observed three revoloutions in Russia and two world wars in his life. After 1917 revoloution in Russia, he was a distinguished professor of philosophy in the state university of Moskow for a short time. But, his criticisms about bolshevics' ...
Read More
Nikolay Berdyayev, the Russian religious and political philosopher, observed three revoloutions in Russia and two world wars in his life. After 1917 revoloution in Russia, he was a distinguished professor of philosophy in the state university of Moskow for a short time. But, his criticisms about bolshevics' manner led him to be exiled from Russia in 1922. Berdyayev is one of thinkers who try to develop a Christian worldview. As a moralist social philosopher, he authored numerous essays and books in his life. Specially, he has developed a solipsistic philosophy in details and suggested new ideas as a Christian existentialism. His philosophical method is intutionistic and laconic rather than argumentative and systematic. In this paper, we discuss and criticize Berdyayev's Philosophical attitude in three fields of epitemoligy, metaphysics, and ethics.
mehdi abbas zadeh
Abstract
This paper is an endeavor to conduct a comparative study of the viewpoints of Johannes Duns Scotus, Scottish philosopher and theologian (1266- 1308), on epistemology and knowledge, and Ibn Sina’s beliefs on the same issues. Given the fact that Scotus had studied the Latin translation of Ibn Sina's ...
Read More
This paper is an endeavor to conduct a comparative study of the viewpoints of Johannes Duns Scotus, Scottish philosopher and theologian (1266- 1308), on epistemology and knowledge, and Ibn Sina’s beliefs on the same issues. Given the fact that Scotus had studied the Latin translation of Ibn Sina's book, al-Shifa, the present study provides evidence as to how Scotus was influenced by Ibn Sina’s viewpoints under such issues as perceptional faculties, process of perception, natural object of reason, kinds of knowledge, levels of certainty, etc. While Scotus and Ibn Sina had been both influenced by Aristotle and the peripatetic tradition, there are still observed differences between them. Logical reasons, therefore, urge us to conduct a comparative study concerning the viewpoints of the two thinkers. With the above in mind, we will take into consideration the different atmospheres and cultures in which they lived; living and thus thinking in a Christian environment for one, and in an Islamic atmosphere for the other.
mehdi soltani gazar
Abstract
Henry Bergson, the French philosopher, is one of pioneers of though stream which in the course of modern positivist views, renewed the role and authenticity of metaphysical, ethical and religious ideas. By adopting the intuitive epistemic method instead of experimental and positivistic method of modern ...
Read More
Henry Bergson, the French philosopher, is one of pioneers of though stream which in the course of modern positivist views, renewed the role and authenticity of metaphysical, ethical and religious ideas. By adopting the intuitive epistemic method instead of experimental and positivistic method of modern science, he gave a central role to these ideas. He considered any kind of analytic view to the objects of knowledge as ignoring their essential interconnections and so inversion of their nature. According to Bergson, the world and all of its phenomena are temporal and dynamic. He means by time a kind of continuity and sequence of correlating phenomena and calls it "during." In his point of view, understanding of this essential nature is only possible by intuitive method and immediate connection to the world and its phenomena. The most sensible instance of this understanding is the conscience which we have from our inner states. Bergson uses his epistemological point of view in explaining the relation of mind and body. He accepts the duality of mind and body and considers the analysis of perceptual behavior as an explanation of their relation. According to him, knowledge has two aspects: sensitive impressions and memory which joint in the point of "image-souvenir." This point converts sensitive impression to the epistemic stream. However, it seems that Bergson's analysis has no substantive difference from Descartes' pineal gland and in effect, does not solve the problem of duality of mind and body and their relation to each other, since he considers the duality of mind and body as ontological and not epistemological as well.
mohammad ardeshir
Abstract
There are at least three elemental parts in Brouuer's philosophy ef mathematics that mqy have their origin in Kant. These three parts are (1) the intuition ef time, (2) the synthetic a priority of mathematical kn01vledge, and (3) the inter-suf?jectiviry ef mathematical constructions. Brouwer borrowed ...
Read More
There are at least three elemental parts in Brouuer's philosophy ef mathematics that mqy have their origin in Kant. These three parts are (1) the intuition ef time, (2) the synthetic a priority of mathematical kn01vledge, and (3) the inter-suf?jectiviry ef mathematical constructions. Brouwer borrowed the notion ef the movement eftime as an a priori intuition ef time, explicit!J expressed, from Kant. In Brouuer's philosophy ef mathematics, the intuition ef time is the on/y a priori notion, on wbicb the whole ef mathematics is built. Houeuer, their notions o] the "intuition eftime" are not the same in the genealogy ef mind As far as the second item is concerned, Brouwer believes that all ef mathematical kn01vledge is a priori and synthetic. His arguments are differentfrom Kant's arguments. The concept of ''inter-suf?jectiviry" ef mathematics in Brotouer's philosophy is very involved, and there is no reference to Kant in this respect. One mqy interpret it f?y the Kantian transcendental subject or even the Husserlian transcendental phenomenology. Both interpretations seem to be consistent. My suggestion is to read Brauner ry himse!f.
