Wisdom And Philosophy

Abstract While Kant presupposes the existence of science and ethic, he studies their boundaries and limits as well. For doing this, he applies two terms and expressions, i.e., “reason” and “understanding”. In this paper, we take a look at the definitions of those two concepts in Kant’s terminology within the approach that discriminates their differences. At first, the placement of these two faculties in science territory will be studied and then by examining of Kant’s ethical point of view, it will be concluded that in this approach, the functionality of reason appears in act and ethic domains, and pure reason is practical in its essence.

Abstract kripke bas proposed a number of counteretxamples to the classic thesis, which ays that the class of necmary fropositions roincidn with the cla1ss of a priori ones. These counteretxamples involve some necessary a posten'ori trutbs as well as contingent a priori ones. Om cfbis exmnplu far the loller is the 1ta11dard metre example. In thi1 paper, after presenting a brief sketch of Kripke'1 proposal, I'll exan,ine the main ohjution1 to it and argue !hat all of them co,t!d be replied to. At the end, ho,vever,argue that the standard metre example enjoy1 much Im philosopbical significance than it appears to,and,considering the sprit,it of the clauic tbesis, it faill to rif,1tt tbiI tbesis.

Abstract Determinism versus Free Will is one of the important concepts and an impediment in philosophy. Throughout history, philosophers of the East and West have had much reflection over this issue. Islamic philosophers have debated over determinism amidst the topics of affective qualities, the principle of causality and divine attributes. Allameh Tabataba’i, too, both in his philosophical scholarly works and in his book Tafsir al-Mizan, has studied different aspects of determinism versus free will. He, by considering free will as innate, has criticized the view of materialists about determinism in human actions and has later, through proposing suppositions of different human actions, has studied human free will and authority. Allameh Tabataba’i, based on his own philosophical methods and by analysing the trinal concept of will, authority and exigency, has analysed the relationship between these three notions through his philosophical contemplations. The discussion about divine will and its relation to authority is another topic which has drawn Allameh Tabataba’i’s attention and studies. Amidst his discussions, he has criticized the theories of Ash’ari and Mu’tazilite scholars as well as criticizing the opinions of some of the fundamentalists regarding the issue of priority (in the analysis of authority).

Abstract Occasionally, one can search for topics of modern philosophy in the works of Iran’s prominent philosophers. In a lenient segmentation, the humankind’s most important epistemological transformation can be divided into positivism, ultra-positivism and constructivism. Allameh Tabataba’i’s philosophy, though fundamentally different with these three approaches, possesses some of their contents. One of the innovations in Allameh’s philosophy is ‘the theory of Contingents’ which seem to have similarities with ultra-positivists and constructivist approaches, the investigation of which is the aim of this article. The gist of the present article is that although Allameh Tabataba’i considers a contingent nature for some social phenomena, he does not regard the perception of these phenomena as relative and believes in the possibility of unbiased perception, such as visual or contingent perception, of these social occurrences. In this way, Allameh Tabataba’i’s mindset differs from those of the postmodern era. 

Abstract Although "osule falsafeh va raveshe ralism" is a fluent a flowing book but it is very pithy too. This article believes that the book opposes the natural direction and framework of mind. Because it against the innatism. But, on the other hand, by reading it again, we know that the theory of realistic epistemology of this book believes in akind of natural direction of mind. Some of the elements that confirmate these views are: 1- perceptional faculties 2- mathematical perception 3- natural characteristic in mind 4- principality of essence in mind

Abstract Adorno's conception about the roles that art can play in various areas of human's life is absolutely different from the dogmatic thoughts of the traditional culture and philosophy. According to Adorno, the most important function of art consists in its "critical" approach and "redemptionary" character for analyzing and criticizing the structures of domination and suppression in the society. Hence, Adorno's emphasis on the critical theory of art and its role in transforming social consciousness relies on what he calls the "truth content" of art and artwork. Adorno's main motivation for questioning the relation of "art" and "truth" goes back to the social role of art and the epistemological function it would have. In this paper, some of Adorno's central ideas and notions, regarding the "truth content" theme, especially in his Aesthetic Theory will be discussed.

Abstract From the ancient time, Philosophy has been defined by philosophers in many different scopes. Nietzsche, who acknowledged himself as a "Philosopher", has offered a definition of philosophy too; however, his perception of philosophy is thoroughly different from the others, because he contemplated philosophy from a new perspective for the first time. Nietzsche criticized the fundamental presuppositions of metaphysical systems, and believed that the essence of philosophy is nihilistic in itself, and so its time has been come to an end. He declared that philosophy is an untimely and extraordinary expression, and claimed that his own works deserve to be called "philosophy"; hence, he named himself not a poet, scientist, or psychologist, but a "philosopher". Nietzsche divided the philosophers into two groups: the masters who create values, and the slaves who love and seek for knowledge and truth. He confessed that he belongs to the first group, and distinguished himself such as "the future philosopher" and his philosophy a heritage to the futurities.