Research Paper
philosophy
Masoud Pourahmadali Tochahi
Abstract
The question of language and the question of Being are two fundamental questions that have accompanied Heidegger since the beginning of his intellectual and philosophical development. However, the way he engages with and reflects upon language differs before and after the fundamental shift in his thought ...
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The question of language and the question of Being are two fundamental questions that have accompanied Heidegger since the beginning of his intellectual and philosophical development. However, the way he engages with and reflects upon language differs before and after the fundamental shift in his thought in 1936, which he describes as two „leaps“ in which he moves from „analysis of Dasein“ to „history of Being.“ In the first leap, Heidegger examines language from the perspective of Dasein and human being; in the second, he considers it in its relation to Being. In both leaps, however, the question of language is a single question about the essence of language, linked to numerous evaluations, critiques, and attacks on linguistic and philosophical research on language, as well as on metaphysical conceptions of language, particularly those of the Greeks in the concept of Logos and the idea of animal rationale. In this article, we will trace Heidegger's inquiry to the essence of language in the indicated leaps and cycles of his thoughts. To offer a historical perspective on the genesis and evolution of these thoughts in each of these steps, we will consider his writings and speeches within the context of their historical development.
Research Paper
philosophy
zahra hajishakaram; Seyyed Mostafa Mohaghegh Damad; ghasem Pourhasan
Abstract
An integrated approach to ethics,proposing tripartite criterion for assessing human actions,and the emphasis on the role of custom and collective reason in manifesting aspects of the ethical system are regarded as fundamental achievements of Avicenna's philosophy.Contrary to the prevalent view among ...
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An integrated approach to ethics,proposing tripartite criterion for assessing human actions,and the emphasis on the role of custom and collective reason in manifesting aspects of the ethical system are regarded as fundamental achievements of Avicenna's philosophy.Contrary to the prevalent view among researchers-and even thinkers within the domain of Islamic philosophy-and the claim of an absence of ethical theory or approach among Islamic philosophers,a correct and foundational explication of the thought of Farabi and Ibn Sina can render evident the falsity of these purported assumptions.Moreover,the view that emphasizes the absence of ethical thought in the post-Farabi era-and particularly its impossibility in the philosophy of Ibn Sina-stems from ignorance of the opinions,works,approaches,and significant ideas of Ibn Sina.One of Ibn Sina’s distinctive innovations in the field of ethics is his articulation of an integrative approach to criteria for evaluating the rightness and wrongness of moral actions,along with an understanding of the origins of what is “worthy and unworthy” in human deeds.Not only has no proper attention been paid to this approach in examining Ibn Sina’s thought on ethics, but it can be claimed that-like the theory of “conventional contextualism” in his ethical system-it ranks among the “unthought” aspects.In the present study,we shall endeavor to examine and analyze the two aforementioned crucial issues-which regrettably have been neglected in Ibn Sina studies-and to elucidate the dimensions of his major innovations and achievements in the field of ethics.
Research Paper
philosophy
qodratullah qorbani
Abstract
When it comes to the historicism of divine revelation, two dominant perspectives can be identified. The first emphasizes the trans-historical nature of all verses of revelation, rejecting any temporal or spatial limitations. The second highlights the historical contingency of the verses of revelation, ...
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When it comes to the historicism of divine revelation, two dominant perspectives can be identified. The first emphasizes the trans-historical nature of all verses of revelation, rejecting any temporal or spatial limitations. The second highlights the historical contingency of the verses of revelation, and in some interpretations, of religion itself. The first view is grounded in the divine origin of the Qur'anic verses, the eternal and comprehensive nature of Islam, and God’s perfect knowledge of what benefits His creation, elements that, together, necessitate a trans-historical reading of revelation. In contrast, the second view, in its various forms, underscores the historical context of religion as a phenomenon, of religious texts, and of the interpretations of believers. At its most moderate, this view focuses only on the historicity of certain legal or scientific verses. The underlying assumption of the second view is that the message of revelation had to emerge within the specific temporal, spatial, and cultural conditions of the people at the time of its descent. The challenges faced by both perspectives have prompted efforts toward a synthesized approach that seeks to benefit from the strengths of each. This integrative framework includes several key elements: 1. Contextual Comprehension: It begins with the premise that the divine message had to be revealed in a way that was initially understandable to its first audience. However, this does not preclude the existence of deeper or layered meanings within the text. 2.
Research Paper
philosophy
Seyed Ali Kalantari; Amir Ehsan Karbasizadeh; safoura panahi
Abstract
Abstract The issue of the normativity of logic is one of the foundational topics in the philosophy of logic, addressing the relationship between logic and epistemic norms. This theory seeks to present logic not merely as a tool for evaluating the validity of arguments, but as a guide for correct reasoning ...
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Abstract The issue of the normativity of logic is one of the foundational topics in the philosophy of logic, addressing the relationship between logic and epistemic norms. This theory seeks to present logic not merely as a tool for evaluating the validity of arguments, but as a guide for correct reasoning and belief regulation. Emphasizing the normative role of logic in everyday reasoning, this perspective has been supported by philosophers such as Frege and John MacFarlane. In contrast, Gilbert Harman challenges the normativity of logic by appealing to the limited applicability of logical principles in ordinary life. In response, MacFarlane introduces the bridge principles to connect logical facts with norms of everyday reasoning. Focusing on his views, this paper advances the central ideas: a new analysis of MacFarlane’s reasons for accepting two specific bridge principles while rejecting others; and a novel argument concerning his Preface Paradox. Ultimately, while broadly sympathetic to MacFarlane’s approach, we offer an alternative explanation for his theoretical choices. Keywords: reasoning, MacFarlane, normativity of logic, validity, belief, bridge principles.
Research Paper
philosophy
Ahmad Ebadi; Amirpouya Danesh
Abstract
This paper presents a comparative analysis of the “Past Hypothesis” and the “Constructivist Hypothesis” regarding the directionality of time, demonstrating how each seeks to resolve the tension between the temporal symmetry of fundamental physical laws and the asymmetrical human ...
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This paper presents a comparative analysis of the “Past Hypothesis” and the “Constructivist Hypothesis” regarding the directionality of time, demonstrating how each seeks to resolve the tension between the temporal symmetry of fundamental physical laws and the asymmetrical human experience of time. The Past Hypothesis attributes the arrow of time to the universe’s low-entropy initial condition, whereas Price, through a constructivist view of time and a critique of the Past Hypothesis, interprets the problem as a result of temporal bias in human thought and insists on the possibility of an underlying symmetry. The aim of this study is to examine the points of convergence and divergence between these two approaches, reveal their limitations, and pave the way for an alternative model. Accordingly, the proposed theory of the “Layered Onto-Phenomenological Model of Time” is introduced—an account that conceives of time not merely as the outcome of an initial condition or a cognitive bias, but as a multilayered structure emerging from the interaction between physical, phenomenal, and existential levels of reality. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes the necessity of engaging with the philosophical legacy of Islamic thinkers to achieve a broader and less reductionist understanding of temporality—one that integrates diverse philosophical traditions and avoids bias, misinterpretation, or reductionism in explicating the nature of time.
Research Paper
philosophy
simin jahani
Abstract
Autonomy, one of Kant's most important ethical principles, emphasizes self-regulation and the independence of the moral agent from any motivation other than moral duty. That is, no external authority, such as society, divine will, or even psychological characteristics, should impose moral obligations ...
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Autonomy, one of Kant's most important ethical principles, emphasizes self-regulation and the independence of the moral agent from any motivation other than moral duty. That is, no external authority, such as society, divine will, or even psychological characteristics, should impose moral obligations on us. This principle conflicts with setting a model as a moral reference, as Kant considers following models harmful; of course, he accepts models with certain conditions. In Epistemic Authority, Zagzbeski examines the question of whether the process of moral development through virtuous models in exemplarism, is compatible with autonomy. Can moral models be the ground for the development of moral virtue, without compromising autonomy? In following a rolemodel, is the final decision made by the model person or by reason and conscience as the moral agent? This essay studies the components of exemplarism theory - including trust, the emotion of admiration and narratives, and conscientious reflection - and some of its foundations, such as direct reference to models, some new interpretations of Kantian ethics (especially in the views of Korsgaard), It is concluded that the process of emulation in exemplarism, if carried out with reflective admiration and conscientious reflection, not only does not conflict with autonomy, but is a form of its gradual realization and a step towards strengthening moral agency and self-governance. Autonomy, in Korsgaard's interpretation, means the conscientious self-governance, and the criterion for success in this management is that one's beliefs, emotions, actions, and other aspects of oneself can pass the test of conscientious reflection.
Research Paper
philosophy
Ghazaleh Hojjati
Abstract
The Argument from Design is one of the most important arguments for the existence of God. Relying on the observation of order, complexity, and purposiveness in nature, it offers inductive reasons for intelligent design and thus possesses strong persuasive power. In Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, ...
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The Argument from Design is one of the most important arguments for the existence of God. Relying on the observation of order, complexity, and purposiveness in nature, it offers inductive reasons for intelligent design and thus possesses strong persuasive power. In Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, David Hume presented a comprehensive critique of all inductive arguments, including the design argument, calling its validity into question for decades. By pointing out the weaknesses in the analogical reasoning of the design argument, Hume raised the possibility of alternative explanations, such as chance or necessary natural laws. In recent decades, some philosophers have reformulated the argument from design using an abductive approach—namely, inference to the best explanation. This approach, drawing on criteria such as explanatory power, coherence, simplicity, and predictive strength, offers a more precise, scientific, and philosophical framework for the design argument. Unlike traditional analogical arguments, the abductive formulation compares competing hypotheses in light of observed data and selects the best available hypothesis. Within this framework, the hypothesis of intelligent design is presented as the best explanation for the order and fine-tuning observed in the universe. This paper argues, first, that Hume’s objections—including his criticisms of analogical reasoning, alternative hypotheses, and the problem of designer regress—do not apply to the abductive version of the design argument; and second, that inference to the best explanation can serve as an epistemically valid method, even in response to Humean skepticism.
