philosophy
Mohammad Nejad Iran
Abstract
This article tries to examine modern humanism and the position of the concept of the subject from Nietzsche's critical point of view, considering the importance and position of instinct compared to consciousness. Man as the subject and subject of knowledge has a privileged position in modern metaphysics, ...
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This article tries to examine modern humanism and the position of the concept of the subject from Nietzsche's critical point of view, considering the importance and position of instinct compared to consciousness. Man as the subject and subject of knowledge has a privileged position in modern metaphysics, and basically, modernity has an inseparable link with the subject and consciousness. Nietzsche's criticism of the subjective concept of modern man and the revival of the elemental instinct in the drawing of the human face is considered a fundamental criticism of modernity. In this research, firstly, the relationship between instinct and consciousness is examined in the theoretical foundations, focusing on the thought of Rousseau and Schopenhauer, and then the relationship between instinct and moral values, as well as the desire for truth in Nietzsche's view, is investigated. Nietzsche believes that the reduction of man to consciousness (the knowing subject) requires ignoring other dimensions of human existence, such as physical, instinctive, emotional, and historical dimensions, and as a result, he considers the image of modern man as a subject to be an incomplete form of man, which, despite the cognitive and moral centrality in modern metaphysics, has ignored important aspects of human being and natural dimensions that can lead to his prosperity. This article finally deals with the place of body and instinct as natural dimensions of human existence and their priority over mind and subjective consciousness in Nietzsche's anthropology.
kaveh khoorabeh; Ahmad Ali Heydari
Abstract
The issue of cognition is one of the important issues that philosophers attempted to find out its process of identifying and interacting with the mind or subject of thought by facing the outside world. In this process, what precede cognition are the ontological problem of the existing reality and the ...
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The issue of cognition is one of the important issues that philosophers attempted to find out its process of identifying and interacting with the mind or subject of thought by facing the outside world. In this process, what precede cognition are the ontological problem of the existing reality and the interaction of the thinking subject with the outside world. Since philosophers have distanced between cognition and reality and considered minds as tools and media for the attainment of truth and reality, Hegel has been critical of these attitudes in order to redefine cognition as science. Therefore, he should be considered the pioneer of the phenomenological project in the field of philosophical thought. In his phenomenology, the question of the process of human cognition is simulated with the whole of philosophical thought throughout history. In this essay, the authors attempt to show how Hegel enables the transition from the stage of natural consciousness to the attainment of absolute cognition by rejecting Kant's existing reality into two areas of phenomenal and invariant.
mostafa Abedi jighe; Mohsen Bagherzadeh meskibaf; mohammad Asghari
Abstract
To realize human autonomy, Descartes establishes the dialectical relation between consciousness and freedom through the three essential elements of understanding, will, and divine power. Through the free will of negative, as methodic doubt and the destruction of all presuppositions, the basis of consciousness ...
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To realize human autonomy, Descartes establishes the dialectical relation between consciousness and freedom through the three essential elements of understanding, will, and divine power. Through the free will of negative, as methodic doubt and the destruction of all presuppositions, the basis of consciousness is referred to the human being and releases it from external authority. By building a knowledge based on the innate concepts that come from within and without mediation consciously re-establishes knowledge. In this way, human beings not only gain autonomy of understanding but also freedom through the effort of a systematic and restrictive understanding. Because with the entry of the limiting of understanding in the area of the will, freedom is no longer meant to be nonchalance and lawlessness. But freedom within the limits of certain judgments of understanding and its legislation and divine power are enclosed. Through this process, it is promoted to positive freedom. Descartes, by declaring that the natural imaginations are verifiably confirmed by divine confirmation, relied on God to guarantee the knowledge of the understanding and in this way, he describes freedom as God's guarantee. Therefore, in Descartes' philosophy, the realization of positive freedom under dialectical conditions form on the basis of the complex relationship between will, intelligence, and divine power, and all of the elements that constitute a whole will only have meaning with each other.
Mehdi Soleimani Khormoji; Mohammad Kazem Elmi Sola
Volume 10, Issue 40 , January 2015, , Pages 117-144
Abstract
We believe that everyone consciousness from himself is infallible while human consciousness from other things or even consciousness of other people to him is not infallible. How can explain this asymmetry? The most common response is usually based on the Locke's Cartesian explanation. Initially, we reduce ...
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We believe that everyone consciousness from himself is infallible while human consciousness from other things or even consciousness of other people to him is not infallible. How can explain this asymmetry? The most common response is usually based on the Locke's Cartesian explanation. Initially, we reduce this explanation in to four hypotheses. We believe that everyone consciousness from himself is infallible while human consciousness from other things or other people's consciousness to him is not infallible. How can explain this asymmetry? The most common response is usually based on the Locke's Cartesian explanation. Initially, we reduce this explanation into four hypotheses and then we will show that why can (or should) we are looking for an alternative explanation. Finally, we will provide an alternative explanation with reliance on the views of the later Wittgenstein, which based on that, belief in the infallibility of human in the consciousness of itself returns only to a linguistic presupposition which prepares us to interpret our words.
hasan mehrnia
Abstract
Religion and State from the beginning of world's history were two important issues which have occupied human mind. For a long time, there has been a dispute about the relationship between them. In this quarrel, we can find three main views: isotropy, divergence, and ascendancy of one of them to the other. ...
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Religion and State from the beginning of world's history were two important issues which have occupied human mind. For a long time, there has been a dispute about the relationship between them. In this quarrel, we can find three main views: isotropy, divergence, and ascendancy of one of them to the other. In this paper, we have a brief look on Hegel’s political and religious thoughts and his turning in his viewpoints. Then we examine and criticize his opinions about politics and religion. Further, we should notice that although he regards religion only as an instrument in the hands of the state, we are not allowed to regard him as an atheist philosopher or as an adherent of separation between state and religion. At the end of the paper, we find that although the theory of “organic state” which Hegel suggests for solving the “paradox of liberty and submission” is a growth head way in comparison with “mechanical view” of Lock and Hobbes about the social contract and with Benthamian utilitarianism, but firstly, there is no restriction against becoming his constitutional monarchy to a kind of dictatorship and secondly, as he finally regards religion as a servant for the state, the relationships between state and religion remains unsolved in his philosophical system.
reza akbari
Abstract
Taking the first-person approach to the problem of consciousness, the plan of conceivability, explanatory and knowledge arguments is to show an epistemic gap in the first step and to prove a metaphysical gap in the second between mental and physical. The soundness. of these arguments shows the correctness ...
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Taking the first-person approach to the problem of consciousness, the plan of conceivability, explanatory and knowledge arguments is to show an epistemic gap in the first step and to prove a metaphysical gap in the second between mental and physical. The soundness. of these arguments shows the correctness of Chalmers task who divides the problems of consciousness into easy problems and difficult ones. Objecting the first• person approach to the problem and insisting on the third-person approach, materialism denies the soundness of these arguments. In this approach we should take the scientific researches seriously and desist from our liar intuition as a basis for theorizing mental experience. But from where does this big "should" come? This "should" shows the deontologistic aspect of materialism in the study of consciousness which is wrong in the light of reformed epistemology. If the use of scientific researches is acceptable why not religion? In the light of Islamic, Christian and Judaic sacred texts we can accept a kind of substance dualism despite lack of the exact and complete knowledge of the properties of the soul.
