philosophy
Majid Sadeghi Hasan Abadi; Najmeh Labkhandagh
Abstract
Introduction Language is a seemingly simple but at the same time very complex phenomenon. Linguists have always tried to understand what language is and provide a definition of it. Among the sages, Mulla Sadra has an ontological view of speech and, relying on his system of jurisprudence, defines ...
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Introduction Language is a seemingly simple but at the same time very complex phenomenon. Linguists have always tried to understand what language is and provide a definition of it. Among the sages, Mulla Sadra has an ontological view of speech and, relying on his system of jurisprudence, defines language using the principles of the originality of existence, sequence of existence, and substantial motion. The purpose of this article is to provide a descriptive-analytical explanation of Mulla Sadra's view on language but from an angle that is in correspondence and similar to the universe. He introduces language in a system that corresponds perfectly to the universe and it means both with an ascending and descending course, beginning and end, grading and rank, fertility and dynamism, and in proportion and addition with the audience. Part of this correspondence is in the relationship between mind and object. He believes that language and existence are so intertwined that existence is nothing but words.Research Questions:Is language an existential truth or a contractual tool?What is the relationship between language and universe?What are the areas of similarity and correspondence between language and the universe? Literature Review Mohsen Pirhadi and Alilah Badashti, in the article “Criticism and review of verbal and emotional speech based on transcendental wisdom” compare the views of theologians and Mulla Sadra regarding the verbal or emotional nature of the speech, and its purpose is to investigate whether the divine word is verbal or emotional. However, the following article not only examines speech in divine and human dimensions, but its purpose is to study language in the system of existence.Maqsood Mahmoudi also examines the views of theologians and Mulla Sadra in the article “Explanation of the attribute of speech, the divine word and the descent of revelation based on the transcendental wisdom “similar to the previous article.Also, Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Mirdamadi and Seyyed Mehdi Emami Juma, in the article “Philosophical principles and principles of Kalam and Divine Book in the modern ontology of Mulla Sadra” deal with the issue of if we want to consider existence as the Word or Divine Book, what are the characteristics of existence we face. To explain this point of view, he points to thirteen rules for studying the Book of Being, which are necessary to know, such as the unlimitedness of the divine word, the unseenness of the divine word, etc. The purpose of this article is not only to know the divine word, but it considers the language regardless of whether it is divine or not, compared to the characteristics of the universe. Methodology The purpose of this article is to examine the similarities and correspondences between the world of existence and speech from Mulla Sadra's point of view, which is done with a comparative approach and descriptive-analytical method. This work has been done through library research and information gathering, and then comparing Mulla Sadra's views in the two areas of existence and speech. Conclusion Just as Mulla Sadra is the founder of a new ruling system regarding the world of existence, he also presents new and creative views on the nature of language, which are completely consistent with the world of existence and can only be understood by knowing his philosophical principles. He introduces words and speech in a structure that, firstly, has unity in connection with the composite mind and secondly, in similarity and correspondence with the universe, it starts from a specific beginning and leads to a specific destination, but this end itself becomes the beginning for Siri. An ascent that ends at the initial origin. This process of descent and ascent occurs in a two-way interaction between the speaker and the listener, and the role of both is important in this matter. Just as the world of existence is multilevel and this is a favor from the Holy Prophet to provide the way of knowledge for human beings, speech also corresponds to the world of existence, it is multilevel and every word leads us to a specific meaning with a specific level. Interaction with the audience makes sense. Existence is constantly giving birth and moving, and speech is a creative gift that invents new sentences and meanings at the foot of the generative existence. In the end, existence and speech are so similar that he considers the universe to be nothing but speech.
Mozhgan Mohammadi
Abstract
The position of emotions in Aristotle's thought is often identified with his theory of the weakness of the will, but the study of his works shows that emotions play a wider and more complex role in mental activities. For him, there is a deep and mutual relationship between emotions and other mental functions ...
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The position of emotions in Aristotle's thought is often identified with his theory of the weakness of the will, but the study of his works shows that emotions play a wider and more complex role in mental activities. For him, there is a deep and mutual relationship between emotions and other mental functions and activities. That is, both emotions affect the rational part functions of the soul and the rational part functions affect the emotions and their intensity and weakness. In this article, for explaining the claim of the reciprocal relationship between emotion and the rational part, after expressing what emotion is and how it works in the mind, on one hand, we will study the influence of emotion on the rational part of the soul and examine its role in the will, power of judgment, and sensory perception. In our view, contrary to popular belief, emotions are not just a dangerous threat to ethics and rationality, rather, they can play a serious role in strengthening rationality. On the other hand, to understand the effect of the rational part on emotions, we will examine the role of some mental activities in the production of pleasure, pain, and emotions such as friendship, compassion, and resistance to the motivational force of emotions. We will also explain that mental functions do not work the same in creating emotions, there is also a direct relationship between the intensity and weakness of mental functions and the intensity and weakness of emotions.
azizeh zirak baroqi; Seyyed Mustafa Shahrāeeni
Volume 10, Issue 40 , January 2015, , Pages 99-116
Abstract
Feeling and Imagination are very important in the thought of Descartes. Descartes categorizes or classified feeling and imagination as state of consciousness under the modes of the thinking thing, without having any relation to external objects. Then, in Sixth Meditation, he Seeks help from these two ...
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Feeling and Imagination are very important in the thought of Descartes. Descartes categorizes or classified feeling and imagination as state of consciousness under the modes of the thinking thing, without having any relation to external objects. Then, in Sixth Meditation, he Seeks help from these two forces for proving of Physical character (or Man-e jesmani) and presented them as a forces that realize they need physical and corporeal activity. Therefore, they are two forces that are not purely subjective (mental) or purely physical, but we can have them in the unity of mind and body and as a human beings composed from mind and body. Indeed, in discussing of feelings and imagination, Descartes tries to prove material or corporality in general and human bodies specially and he wants to explain how mind and body interact with different substances too. But it seems that his talk about these two forces or power is not compatible with his famous mind-body dualism system. In study and review of works of Some of the commentators Descarte's thoughts like Gary Hatfield, Bernard Williams, Margaret Dauler Wilson and Catherine Wilson, we Found that They more or less have discussed about feelings and imagination in the philosophical system of Descartes. But despite the importance of the issue in the thought of Descartes, they have passed from it briefly. Among these, John Katyngm, of the three-volume English translation of Descartes works and the owner of numerous works on Descartes thought system, more than any other commentators, is noted to feeling and imagination In the philosophy of Descartes And he Has noted different views and voted than other Descartes experts. In this article we try to show the place of feelings and imagination in the philosophy of Descartes and linking this issue with Descartes Dualism, according to the works of Descartes And referring to the vote of some commentators his works and somehow it will be shown Highlights of votes Katyngm than Other analysts or commentators.
�زیم و بهنحوی برجستگی آراء کاتینگم را نسبت به دیگر مفسرین نشان دهیم.
mohammad ali abdillahi; fatemeh farahanian
Abstract
One of the most important and novel philosophical issues proposed by Wittgenstein in his late stage of thought and in his influential book Philosophical Investigations is the issue of private language. This issue is so important that one can say the epistemology of second half of twentieth century is ...
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One of the most important and novel philosophical issues proposed by Wittgenstein in his late stage of thought and in his influential book Philosophical Investigations is the issue of private language. This issue is so important that one can say the epistemology of second half of twentieth century is entirely under its influence. Wittgenstein believes that the only way to get rid of epistemological and semantic skepticism is the rejection of private language. Furthermore, the problem of other minds, which has been an insoluble problem due to acceptance of the theory of private language, becomes fundamentally dissolved by rejecting the private language. While other solutions to the problem of other minds such as the argument from analogy and behaviorism suffer from many problems
