Ahmad Ebadi; Mohammad Emdadi Masouleh
Abstract
Hillary Putnam is one of the contemporary philosophers who study the fact/value dichotomy. In his thoughts, these two concepts are interpretation and even conceptually not separate, a notion named instructive pragmatism. He accuses the advocates of this dichotomy and believes that when they say morality ...
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Hillary Putnam is one of the contemporary philosophers who study the fact/value dichotomy. In his thoughts, these two concepts are interpretation and even conceptually not separate, a notion named instructive pragmatism. He accuses the advocates of this dichotomy and believes that when they say morality is separate from fact, they base their trust on the supposition that they realize fact in its exact sense. He sets three reasons that lead to resorting to this dichotomy of reality/value and by rejecting all, paves the way for his criticism of this dichotomy. The drawbacks recognized by him in this context, consist of 1. conversion of a non-destructive distinction into a destructive metaphysical dichotomy, 2. The impact of science from the values in generating science, 3. existence of consensus regarding ethical issues similar to that of other domains, 4. inaccuracy in the analysis of moral judgment into the two perspective and descriptive components, 5. wrong moral thick concepts, a reason in the interpretation of facts and values. Next to accepting his thoughts, and strong points in rejecting fact/value dichotomy, we believe when he defends the character of constructive facts, the following deficiencies become evident in his views: 1. inaccuracy in changing facts due to the conceptual schema, 2. the problem of backward causation, 3. lack of conceptual competence, 4. problem of incoherence and 5. use mention fallacy. The objective of this paper is to analyze and assess the strong and weak points of Putman’s views on fact/value dichotomy.
Ali Sanaee
Abstract
In this article, by referring to the foundations of Royce's thought, his theology is explained and analyzed. Influenced, on the one hand, by personal idealism, Royce construes man as a part of cosmic process that achieves the goals of living and objective truth (God), and on the other hand, points out ...
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In this article, by referring to the foundations of Royce's thought, his theology is explained and analyzed. Influenced, on the one hand, by personal idealism, Royce construes man as a part of cosmic process that achieves the goals of living and objective truth (God), and on the other hand, points out that every human being has his own unique talent. Thus in spite of absolute idealism, he attaches importance to individual differences. In his view, idealism has the potential to provide a new interpretation of Christian theology; so it comes terms with the active life of contemporary man. In Royce's philosophy it is possible to provide a model for the interaction between science and religion; because he distinguishes the everyday sensory experience and organized scientific experience. He considers all possible and actual experiences as objects of the absolute divine mind that will be actualized by human’s scientific endeavor in the context of inventions and discoveries. Royce even maintains that the loyal commitment of scientists and business owners to society as a kind of religious experience (in the broadest sense) and thereby offers a new image of the invisible church.
