philosophy
Mohammad Nejad Iran
Abstract
This article tries to examine modern humanism and the position of the concept of the subject from Nietzsche's critical point of view, considering the importance and position of instinct compared to consciousness. Man as the subject and subject of knowledge has a privileged position in modern metaphysics, ...
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This article tries to examine modern humanism and the position of the concept of the subject from Nietzsche's critical point of view, considering the importance and position of instinct compared to consciousness. Man as the subject and subject of knowledge has a privileged position in modern metaphysics, and basically, modernity has an inseparable link with the subject and consciousness. Nietzsche's criticism of the subjective concept of modern man and the revival of the elemental instinct in the drawing of the human face is considered a fundamental criticism of modernity. In this research, firstly, the relationship between instinct and consciousness is examined in the theoretical foundations, focusing on the thought of Rousseau and Schopenhauer, and then the relationship between instinct and moral values, as well as the desire for truth in Nietzsche's view, is investigated. Nietzsche believes that the reduction of man to consciousness (the knowing subject) requires ignoring other dimensions of human existence, such as physical, instinctive, emotional, and historical dimensions, and as a result, he considers the image of modern man as a subject to be an incomplete form of man, which, despite the cognitive and moral centrality in modern metaphysics, has ignored important aspects of human being and natural dimensions that can lead to his prosperity. This article finally deals with the place of body and instinct as natural dimensions of human existence and their priority over mind and subjective consciousness in Nietzsche's anthropology.
khatereh Sobhanian; Mohammad Javad Safian
Abstract
Human life is inevitably linked with the environment and nature. Water, air, food, etc all are guarantors of the survival of human life and activities on earth. Humans reside on the earth, and so their dependence on the earth and other beings is supposed to be all other proportions of them. But mostly ...
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Human life is inevitably linked with the environment and nature. Water, air, food, etc all are guarantors of the survival of human life and activities on earth. Humans reside on the earth, and so their dependence on the earth and other beings is supposed to be all other proportions of them. But mostly the relation gradually ends up neglecting one side, the environment, and using it as a resource in favor of human on the other side. This relation is based on the dominant thinking of the subject-object and neglect of other environmental values. The continuation of this situation will seriously damage the life of the earth and all beings. Martin Heidegger, a contemporary German philosopher who considers the history of Western thought as a history of neglect of being, believed that the deep roots of the current human relationship with nature and environmental crisis are in the particular perception of beings according to which beings are considered as mere human’s objects for domination of them. Heidegger considers such a relation to beings and the whole of nature as a subjective relation and attempts to solve the problem by means of the question of being and dwelling in the earth on the basis of friendship and the negation of dualism.
amir samsami; jahangir masoodi
Abstract
Subjectivism as an epistemological schema is a fundamental element of modern thought. This schema was based on the Cartesian cogito and considering human as the “thinking substance”, and with Kant’s transcendental Philosophy and granting human a self-grounded role in the act of cognition, ...
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Subjectivism as an epistemological schema is a fundamental element of modern thought. This schema was based on the Cartesian cogito and considering human as the “thinking substance”, and with Kant’s transcendental Philosophy and granting human a self-grounded role in the act of cognition, it gained unique importance in the Human Knowledge of the New Age. However, with the beginning of the 20th century and the paradigmatic changes that occurred in Philosophy, thoughts appeared that strongly challenged the schema of subjectivism, this substantial foundation of modern thinking. Meanwhile, Wittgenstein is one of the philosophers who has made the most of his efforts to overcome this schema in his Philosophy. The present paper tries to measure the relation between Wittgenstein’s early and later thought with regards to modern subjectivism, and at the same time, strives to demonstrate the degree to which Wittgenstein's efforts have been successful toward transitioning past subjectivism in each period. On this basis, the first part of the article, with a transcendental reading of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus will show that Wittgenstein, while attempting to abandon the schema of subjectivism, continues to adhere to Kant's subjective approach. And in the second part, while referring to Wittgenstein's novel way of inquiring regarding philosophical issues, the paper will investigate how to transition from subjectivism in his later thought.
ali karbasi zadeh esfahani
Abstract
The problem of knowledge, not only is one of the most important problems in modern philosophy, but also is the top of other problems. This field usually discuses issues such as the base and the source of knowledge, the object and the domain of knowledge, the value criterion of knowledge, and finally ...
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The problem of knowledge, not only is one of the most important problems in modern philosophy, but also is the top of other problems. This field usually discuses issues such as the base and the source of knowledge, the object and the domain of knowledge, the value criterion of knowledge, and finally the end of knowledge .Here we are going to study the modern epistemological bases considering those elements, and to inquire the ability of the modern philosophy in proposing a complete and suitable format for the knowledge.
simin esfandiari
Abstract
This article begins with a brief description of Descartes' cogito and its effect on man's authenticity and his development. In fact, by establishing the principle of cogito, and analyzing it as the established basis of the universe, he considers human ego as the real subject because there is an "I" who ...
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This article begins with a brief description of Descartes' cogito and its effect on man's authenticity and his development. In fact, by establishing the principle of cogito, and analyzing it as the established basis of the universe, he considers human ego as the real subject because there is an "I" who is doing the thinking. According to Descartes, man is like a machine, and excels other beings. This privileged feature, i. e. self, whose substance is thinking, has been studied from different aspects within the entire thinking of the modern age. Moreover, it is this famous Cartesian principle – I think, therefore I exist – that focuses "subjectivism" in its philosophical system; therefore, "subjectivism" is one of the basic and important issues of Western philosophy that in its evolutionary phases has been epistemologically studied by Descartes as well as Kant and Hegel in the modern age. Finally, "solipsism" as the extreme point of "subjectivism" is dealt with in this article. Of course, Descartes avoids his subjectivism finding a solipsist interpretation in an ideal sense.
hoeyn kalbasi ashtari
Abstract
''Philosopl!J of History" is one of the Jpecijic terms of the modern age and enlightenment era which has been raised in the philosophical scientific Jpace of eighteen century. This new approach to history based on the human knowledge of things and relation between tbem, and since 1mderstcmding the external ...
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''Philosopl!J of History" is one of the Jpecijic terms of the modern age and enlightenment era which has been raised in the philosophical scientific Jpace of eighteen century. This new approach to history based on the human knowledge of things and relation between tbem, and since 1mderstcmding the external things and accidents means fry a priori mode/ of knower, so "tbe history "finds an suqjective aspea and now it would be asked how can to apply this new mean of history to another tradition or even current evolutions? A11d is it possible to definite another sort of Philosophy of history or no?
