alireza esmaeel zadeh; ahmadali heydari
Abstract
The present paper seeks to provide the reader with a brief description of Alain Badiou's Philosophy of Ethics and conduct a comparative study between Badiou's and Kierkegaard's views on ethics. Both philosophers identify several domains in which a subject can potentially witness an event. Their views ...
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The present paper seeks to provide the reader with a brief description of Alain Badiou's Philosophy of Ethics and conduct a comparative study between Badiou's and Kierkegaard's views on ethics. Both philosophers identify several domains in which a subject can potentially witness an event. Their views on the nature of ethics and the role it plays in different domains of life constitute the backbone of the study.
behnam fooladi; Saeid Binayemotlagh; Yoosef Shaghool
Abstract
Undoubtedly, “Physis” is one of the most prominent philosophical terms of Aristotle in the way that it can be seen as the basis for knowing from his point of view. Unfortunately, the neglect of some of Aristotle's teachings about the concept, has caused a lot of false judgment and perceptions ...
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Undoubtedly, “Physis” is one of the most prominent philosophical terms of Aristotle in the way that it can be seen as the basis for knowing from his point of view. Unfortunately, the neglect of some of Aristotle's teachings about the concept, has caused a lot of false judgment and perceptions about the philosopher. According to the author, one of the most important lessons is the close relationship of this concept with another key concepts of his philosophy, the “Logos”, forgetting that it was due to some of the contradictions and conflicts in the philosophy of Aristotle especially in the realm of knowledge. Detailed in this close relationship leads to another neglected doctrines of Aristotle's philosophy, the relationship of cognitive propositions and truth with political considerations. We shall show, by providing a reading of Aristotle's philosophy, which considers the relationships, that it can open the way for the elimination of some of the difficulties and conflicts that have been attributed to his thought. Therefore, in this study we examine the relationship between knowledge and Politics, through rereading relationship physis and logos in Aristotle's thinking.
hamidreza mahboobi arani
Abstract
Despite many differences between Kant’s work and Nietzsche’s, there are some very interesting similarities between their prefaces to their two main books: Nietzsche’s Beyond Good and Evil and Kant’s Critique of Pure reason.In these prefaces, they both present critiques of dogmatism ...
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Despite many differences between Kant’s work and Nietzsche’s, there are some very interesting similarities between their prefaces to their two main books: Nietzsche’s Beyond Good and Evil and Kant’s Critique of Pure reason.In these prefaces, they both present critiques of dogmatism and metaphysics and hope for a philosophy of future which is far away from dogmatism. For Kant, it is still a critical metaphysics which he himself has built its foundation in Critique of Pure Reason, while for Nietzsche it still needs much work to emerge. In the current study, it is tried to explain these themes in three parts. My introduction paves the way for showing the similarities. The second part indicates what Kant and Nietzsche exactly mean by dogmatism and why they both believe in its demise. Finally, I will end the study by expressing Kant’s and Nietzsche’s hope for a philosophy of future to which they regarded their books as a prelude.
fereshteh nabati
Abstract
Before emerging of the modern logic, the then current logical system seemed to be without any alternative. But now classical logic encounters several systems which claim to be logical systems and rival of classical logic. Therefore a philosophical question arises: Is pluralism in logical system and/or ...
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Before emerging of the modern logic, the then current logical system seemed to be without any alternative. But now classical logic encounters several systems which claim to be logical systems and rival of classical logic. Therefore a philosophical question arises: Is pluralism in logical system and/or logical rules possible? Contemporary philosophers give various answers to this question. Many don’t accept this possibility but their reasons are different. Past philosophers and logicians didn’t answer explicitly to this question, but by using their work we can gather that if they had been asked about this question they would have given decisive negative answer to it. In this paper I try to show that they were realist about logic and consider logical truths and rules as "secondary intelligible" (in a broader sense of this term).
Mahmoud Hedayatafza
Abstract
Regarding the philosophical view of Shirazi, a persistent question is whether the efforts of Shiite thinkers in the use of different schools of thought, the knowledge coherent for him to be brought or the adaptations frequent votes of inconsistent from view, the combination of ideas led Is? Of course, ...
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Regarding the philosophical view of Shirazi, a persistent question is whether the efforts of Shiite thinkers in the use of different schools of thought, the knowledge coherent for him to be brought or the adaptations frequent votes of inconsistent from view, the combination of ideas led Is? Of course, the surest way to reach the answer to evaluate each of the issues raised in transcendental philosophy, especially the issues that they claim Sadra innovation.In this context, the present article aims to examine what different Sadra on the "primary matter" is the owner of Asfar, while acknowledging the composition of the concrete body of matter and form, stating extensively to defend the idea of Peripatetic philosophers of external realization monster as it lacks only the ability to act and turns around and look for the critics, especially Hakim Suhrawardi's philosophical position is, but he described some of the primary matter, like a special statement on the implications of Suhrawardi. The lawsuit innovation Mulla Sadra on the composition of the union of matter and form and promises to delight in Monster, respectively, to the works of philosophers Ikhwan al-Safa and the essay "Ashaq" Bu-Ali denied the innovation Sadra these problems limited to some explanation and He is considered new arguments.
Ali Maleki
Abstract
The concept of “rationality” is a key and highly cited concept in many theories of social sciences in general, and in economics in particular. Because of its logical and methodological importance in one side, and many controversial discussions over its definition, content and status in the ...
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The concept of “rationality” is a key and highly cited concept in many theories of social sciences in general, and in economics in particular. Because of its logical and methodological importance in one side, and many controversial discussions over its definition, content and status in the methodology of the Social Sciences in the other side, there are a number of recent scholars who has spent considerable efforts to deal with these issues. The scope of the methodological analysis of this article about the concept of the “rationality” is limited to address the content and the status of this concept in the framework of the methodology of “situational logic”, which has been largely discussed and explained by Karl Popper under the phrase of “rationality principle”. The main aim of this article is to analyse the relationship between Popper’s interpretation of the concept of the rationality and two other versions of this concept used by two main economics research programs, i.e. neoclassical and evolutionary economics. Given some assumptions, this article shows that the version of rationality concept drawn by evolutionary economists is more compatible with Popperian principle of rationality, though the primary idea of the rationality concept itself was drawn from neoclassical economics by Popper.
mohammad ali abdillahi; fatemeh farahanian
Abstract
One of the most important and novel philosophical issues proposed by Wittgenstein in his late stage of thought and in his influential book Philosophical Investigations is the issue of private language. This issue is so important that one can say the epistemology of second half of twentieth century is ...
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One of the most important and novel philosophical issues proposed by Wittgenstein in his late stage of thought and in his influential book Philosophical Investigations is the issue of private language. This issue is so important that one can say the epistemology of second half of twentieth century is entirely under its influence. Wittgenstein believes that the only way to get rid of epistemological and semantic skepticism is the rejection of private language. Furthermore, the problem of other minds, which has been an insoluble problem due to acceptance of the theory of private language, becomes fundamentally dissolved by rejecting the private language. While other solutions to the problem of other minds such as the argument from analogy and behaviorism suffer from many problems
reza gandomi
Reza Mosmer
Abstract
In his later philosophical reflections, Wittgenstein, criticizes his early views in the Tractatus. Since the publication of Philosophical Investigations commentators and philosophers have made various attempts to explain the nature and the scope of these criticisms and revisions. Paul Horwich in his ...
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In his later philosophical reflections, Wittgenstein, criticizes his early views in the Tractatus. Since the publication of Philosophical Investigations commentators and philosophers have made various attempts to explain the nature and the scope of these criticisms and revisions. Paul Horwich in his recent work “Wittgenstein’s Metaphilosophy” attempts to give a new and systematic account of these revisions. In the current study, I aim to examine some themes in Horwich’s reading of later Wittgenstein. I shall first give a rough description of the metaphysics of the Tractatus. Then, I discuss Horwich’s picture of the notion of Tractarian “object”. This will be followed by a discussion of Horwich’s picture of some of Wittgenstein’s criticisms of the Tractatus ontology in the third section. In this section, I will explain through three criticisms (T3), (T4), and (T6). The paper will end up with a series of objections to Horwich’s (T3), (T4), and (T6). I argue that his account of Wittgenstein’s criticisms of the Tractatus, as they are expressed in Philosophical Investigations, is exegetically problematic and philosophically incoherent.
morteza hoyeni
Abstract
Allameh Tabatabaei in his theory about the "conventional perceptions" (edrakat-e etebari), states that any being alive looks for a purpose (telos) in its acts. However, this purpose is merely conventionality (etebari), and has no place unless in the imagination. Therefore, the nothingness is somehow ...
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Allameh Tabatabaei in his theory about the "conventional perceptions" (edrakat-e etebari), states that any being alive looks for a purpose (telos) in its acts. However, this purpose is merely conventionality (etebari), and has no place unless in the imagination. Therefore, the nothingness is somehow a conventional thing too, which does not exist in the external and real world. Despite there is a little correspondence between Allameh Tabatabaei and Schleiermacher's standpoints on the conventional perceptions, they have common views about the interpretation of the sacred writs and holy texts. Schleiermacher has been well known as the father of hermeneutics. He, according to the neo-orthodoxy, interprets the metaphysical subjects and points in the holy script not as allegory but metaphor, and hence, supposes the evil equal to the nothingness. This paper wants to show that although there is little agreement between Schleiermacher's views about the nothingness with what Allameh considers as "conventionality"; but deep different, which would be discussed.
amir nasri
Abstract
Holy Bible is the most important source of Christian iconography and correspondingly, this kind of iconography is a visual interpretation of Bible. Hence, considering the relationship between Christian iconography and Biblical interpretation is a crucial task. In some cases, the visual representation ...
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Holy Bible is the most important source of Christian iconography and correspondingly, this kind of iconography is a visual interpretation of Bible. Hence, considering the relationship between Christian iconography and Biblical interpretation is a crucial task. In some cases, the visual representation itself has an active role in the interpretation of Biblical texts and is not a mere passive illustration of the text. Therefore, in order to understanding of various periods of Christian iconography, it is necessary to consider Biblical interpretations schools. In this paper, two interpretational views of Antioch and Alexandria schools, and the reflections of these views in the early Christian arts (which is historically coincided with these schools) are considered briefly. In addition, some examples of the relations between images and texts of this period are illustrated.
Morteza Vaez ghassemi; Ali Akbar Ahmadi Aframjani
Abstract
There are at leastthree different approaches to self-referential in the tradition of analytic philosophy including Russellian approach, positivistian, approachand Wittgensteinian approach. Each of these approaches have suggested distinct solution for the self-referential problem. Among themthe Wittgensteinian ...
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There are at leastthree different approaches to self-referential in the tradition of analytic philosophy including Russellian approach, positivistian, approachand Wittgensteinian approach. Each of these approaches have suggested distinct solution for the self-referential problem. Among themthe Wittgensteinian one has caused much debate. The penultimate Phrase of Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (6.54) says that all terms are meaningless, Including himself.This self-referential puts the audience of Tractatus in the paradoxical situation.This self-referential puts the audience of Tractatus in the paradoxical situation.Wittgenstein, by invent ion of the concept of ladder wants to escape from t he self-referential. Of the two interpretations, Resolute Reading and Ineffability Reading have addressed this topic. They try to give text bay consistent readivg of the interpreting the word "nonsense". But these two interpretations to each other through the criticism seems to be basically self-referential approach to resolve the crisis Wittgensteinian not help.But leveling criticism by these two interpretations to each other shows that basically self-referential approach is incapabel to resolve this crisis.
yahya solati
Volume 11, Issue 41 , April 2015, , Pages 107-126
Abstract
Abstract
The Quality.of Issuing a plurality of unity is the Important and central issues in philosophy that Islamic scholars are interested in it for two aspects: THE agency of God and the appearance of Multiplicity in world. Ibn Sina and Suhrawardi have explained emanation theory based on “Al-Vahed’’ ...
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Abstract
The Quality.of Issuing a plurality of unity is the Important and central issues in philosophy that Islamic scholars are interested in it for two aspects: THE agency of God and the appearance of Multiplicity in world. Ibn Sina and Suhrawardi have explained emanation theory based on “Al-Vahed’’ axiom. In this context, despite differences in principles, they have done in a certain way, so that Ibn Sina explains this theory based on dual necessity and possible directions in decuple reasons and by assuming of the credit plurality of first reason, while Suhrawardi has examined in detail contrast and the difference between the Light of Lights (Noor ul-Anwar) and first light (Noor-e Avval) by mentioning to imperfection of these two aspects and he points to endless chain of the longitudinal and transverse lights according to the broad directions of illumination (Eshragh) and observation. Also, He proves the category of the Lord of the varieties based on the principle with an emphasis on imaginary world. Thus, he replaces the mutual interaction of Illuminative optics (Noorshenâsi-e Eshraghi) with uncompromising necessity and one-sided Peripatetic ontology. About Creation, Suhrawardi knows divine Knowledge from the kind of the Eshraghi increase by rejecting of ethereal (Enayati) science and he attributes the process of the formation of the universe to the amazing system of Lights (Anwâr).
Abstract
The Quality.of Issuing a plurality of unity is the Important and central issues in philosophy that Islamic scholars are interested in it for two aspects: THE agency of God and the appearance of Multiplicity in world. Ibn Sina and Suhrawardi have explained emanation theory based on “Al-Vahed’’ axiom. In this context, despite differences in principles, they have done in a certain way, so that Ibn Sina explains this theory based on dual necessity and possible directions in decuple reasons and by assuming of the credit plurality of first reason, while Suhrawardi has examined in detail contrast and the difference between the Light of Lights (Noor ul-Anwar) and first light (Noor-e Avval) by mentioning to imperfection of these two aspects and he points to endless chain of the longitudinal and transverse lights according to the broad directions of illumination (Eshragh) and observation. Also, He proves the category of the Lord of the varieties based on the principle with an emphasis on imaginary world. Thus, he replaces the mutual interaction of Illuminative optics (Noorshenâsi-e Eshraghi) with uncompromising necessity and one-sided Peripatetic ontology. About Creation, Suhrawardi knows divine Knowledge from the kind of the Eshraghi increase by rejecting of ethereal (Enayati) science and he attributes the process of the formation of the universe to the amazing system of Lights (Anwâr).
foruzan rasekhi; somayeh kolahduzan
Abstract
Cosmological argument is one of the arguments used to prove the existence of God and has been noticed by philosophers from Plato’s time until now. In this research, the new writings of Allameh Tabataba’i on these arguments, in particular on cause and effect and movement are surveyed and compared ...
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Cosmological argument is one of the arguments used to prove the existence of God and has been noticed by philosophers from Plato’s time until now. In this research, the new writings of Allameh Tabataba’i on these arguments, in particular on cause and effect and movement are surveyed and compared with the convictions of Avicenna. To begin with, the related arguments proposed by Avicenna are extracted from his writings and reported in this study. In a comparative survey of Allameh’s writings on the above arguments and those of Avicenna, Allameh’s inspirations from Avicenna and his innovations are summarized here. In this regard, Allameh’s innovations, compared with Avicenna, are worth mentioning among which most of Allameh’s arguments are found to be in a higher level of stability than those of Avicenna.
abdollah ansaari; jalal peykani
Abstract
Process reliabilism is one of the most important, and impressive theories in epistemology that was formulated by Alvin Goldman in "What is justified belief?" in 1970s. In this paper, first, we describe process reliablism in a simple form. Then, we criticize this theory and explain it's advantages as ...
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Process reliabilism is one of the most important, and impressive theories in epistemology that was formulated by Alvin Goldman in "What is justified belief?" in 1970s. In this paper, first, we describe process reliablism in a simple form. Then, we criticize this theory and explain it's advantages as well as it's dark points. Descartian evil demon problem, generality problem, lacking any reason for taking the process as a reliable process and the status of the beliefs results from introspection, are the most important problems of this version of the reliabilism. In other section of the paper, we explore the validity of these problems. Finally, it will be illustrated that process reliabilism has the capacity to solve some of the epistemic problems, such as Gettier counter examples.
hasan mehrnia
Abstract
Religion and State from the beginning of world's history were two important issues which have occupied human mind. For a long time, there has been a dispute about the relationship between them. In this quarrel, we can find three main views: isotropy, divergence, and ascendancy of one of them to the other. ...
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Religion and State from the beginning of world's history were two important issues which have occupied human mind. For a long time, there has been a dispute about the relationship between them. In this quarrel, we can find three main views: isotropy, divergence, and ascendancy of one of them to the other. In this paper, we have a brief look on Hegel’s political and religious thoughts and his turning in his viewpoints. Then we examine and criticize his opinions about politics and religion. Further, we should notice that although he regards religion only as an instrument in the hands of the state, we are not allowed to regard him as an atheist philosopher or as an adherent of separation between state and religion. At the end of the paper, we find that although the theory of “organic state” which Hegel suggests for solving the “paradox of liberty and submission” is a growth head way in comparison with “mechanical view” of Lock and Hobbes about the social contract and with Benthamian utilitarianism, but firstly, there is no restriction against becoming his constitutional monarchy to a kind of dictatorship and secondly, as he finally regards religion as a servant for the state, the relationships between state and religion remains unsolved in his philosophical system.
Nader Shayganfar; Zeynab Saber
Volume 11, Issue 43 , October 2015, , Pages 113-136
Abstract
The French phenomenological philosopher, Maurice Merleu-Ponty, tried to understand art works and related concepts taking recourse to phenomenological approach. In the new point, he tried to understand art by emphasizing on the being- in-the-world relying on perception’s term and it’s relation ...
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The French phenomenological philosopher, Maurice Merleu-Ponty, tried to understand art works and related concepts taking recourse to phenomenological approach. In the new point, he tried to understand art by emphasizing on the being- in-the-world relying on perception’s term and it’s relation to art. Based on the some of the concepts such as intentionality, living experiences, art style, establishing and etc. Merleu-Ponty wants to conceive a new interpretation from art. The museum is essential in Merleu-Pontyꞌs thoughts since it has deeply related with art affairs with relying on its history.
The main question of this article is that how relation between lived experiences and museum is. Based on Merleu-Pontyꞌs vital philosophy, this article concerns phenomenologically to critic the role of museum and indicates that the meaning of phenomenological establishing and storing is different from what is aiming in museum. This study targets the questions of how much honest are the museums in storing as well as how much this honesty is influenced by the social and cultural elements.
Alireza Nazari; Fazel Asadi Amjad
Abstract
Eugène Ionesco in his play, The killer (1960) depicts a true reflection of the human condition; he depicts the images of life and death, being and non-being, and the reality of man’s reduction into the cypher of non-being. He wants man to come to grips with his true situation; hence, man's ...
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Eugène Ionesco in his play, The killer (1960) depicts a true reflection of the human condition; he depicts the images of life and death, being and non-being, and the reality of man’s reduction into the cypher of non-being. He wants man to come to grips with his true situation; hence, man's existence is fundamentally a conflict between the infinite extensions of the human urge as opposed to the necessary and limited state of being. The aim of this paper is to examine Ionesco's ideas on the loneliness of man in this alienated universe, his hidden anxieties and his struggle for survival within an Existential framework of Søren Kierkegaard; examples are drawn from The killer (1960) in order to fully examine Ionesco’s particular vision of life. Such a study aims at bringing about a realization and understanding of the conditions man is exposed to in the universe. It is too hard for Bérenger to believe that nothingness precedes, envelops, and conditions all being. He faces the two coexistent side of living: in felicity and in the shadow of death.
Mostafa Younesi; Ali Khalandi shilanabad
Abstract
Pathos is one of those concepts that mostly underestimated its importance versus other Aristotelian concepts. It can be observed that pathos frequently explained in twofold relations and in that sense pathos's importance neglected vis-a-vis other twofold concept. One of the most important of those twofold ...
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Pathos is one of those concepts that mostly underestimated its importance versus other Aristotelian concepts. It can be observed that pathos frequently explained in twofold relations and in that sense pathos's importance neglected vis-a-vis other twofold concept. One of the most important of those twofold relations is Logos - Pathos that exiles Pathos to the illogical territory and curb its implications to the feelings and passivity. In contemporary research we see that researchers stressed on Pathos as a fundamental concept to Aristotle's reading. The reason for recent stressing is that researchers read pathos in relation to Kinesis (change, motion). This new vision on Pathos takes it necessary to any kind of change and motion. For that reason, Pathos is not definite by illogical and sensitive territory. This article tries to deconstruct the twofold relation between Logos - Pathos and on the other hand to recognition Poetics intentionality with taking advantage of Pathos's concept.
jalal peykani
Volume 10, Issue 39 , October 2014, , Pages 117-130
Abstract
Abstract
Not only did Newtonian physics make a fundamental evolution in the realm of physics but the methodology utilized by Newton became the prevalent model for the researchers in the field of natural sciences. The pivotal point in Newtonian methodology is an emphasis on experiment and induction and ...
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Abstract
Not only did Newtonian physics make a fundamental evolution in the realm of physics but the methodology utilized by Newton became the prevalent model for the researchers in the field of natural sciences. The pivotal point in Newtonian methodology is an emphasis on experiment and induction and limiting the realm of science to a phenomenal realm. Emmanuel Kant, due to the brilliant practicality of Newtonian physics, tried to reinforce, from one viewpoint, the theoretical basis of Newtonian physics so that it could stand criticism, and, from another viewpoint, presented the idea of limiting scientific research to the realm of phenomenon in the principle framework of the human cognition’s being limited to the realm of phenomena. Kant efforts towards reinforcing the bases of Newtonian physics are considered as the initial serious and systematic endeavors to create a foundation for the philosophy of science.
Mehdi Soleimani Khormoji; Mohammad Kazem Elmi Sola
Volume 10, Issue 40 , January 2015, , Pages 117-144
Abstract
We believe that everyone consciousness from himself is infallible while human consciousness from other things or even consciousness of other people to him is not infallible. How can explain this asymmetry? The most common response is usually based on the Locke's Cartesian explanation. Initially, we reduce ...
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We believe that everyone consciousness from himself is infallible while human consciousness from other things or even consciousness of other people to him is not infallible. How can explain this asymmetry? The most common response is usually based on the Locke's Cartesian explanation. Initially, we reduce this explanation in to four hypotheses. We believe that everyone consciousness from himself is infallible while human consciousness from other things or other people's consciousness to him is not infallible. How can explain this asymmetry? The most common response is usually based on the Locke's Cartesian explanation. Initially, we reduce this explanation into four hypotheses and then we will show that why can (or should) we are looking for an alternative explanation. Finally, we will provide an alternative explanation with reliance on the views of the later Wittgenstein, which based on that, belief in the infallibility of human in the consciousness of itself returns only to a linguistic presupposition which prepares us to interpret our words.
hoseyn hushangi; mohammad reza ruhani
Abstract
As a result of going behind tradition and criticizing its foundations and based upon objective and subjective elements established through centuries, modern rationality has determined a special kind of life-style, an important feature of it is the technical dominance of man over the nature. Some thinkers ...
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As a result of going behind tradition and criticizing its foundations and based upon objective and subjective elements established through centuries, modern rationality has determined a special kind of life-style, an important feature of it is the technical dominance of man over the nature. Some thinkers like Heidegger (1889-1976) thought that technology had risen out of foundations of the western world-view. Thus, he thinks that it is impossible to achieve the human and sublime goals through philosophical content of technology (essentialism). Karl Popper (1902-1994), at the other side, refuses the essentialism and insists upon the instrumental feature of technology. The analysis of modern media as a kind of technology which has its own affection on world public opinion with taking into account the semiotic various levels gets us beyond this challenge.
ali akbar ahmadi afar majani; amir naeemi
Abstract
Einstein’s theory of relativity made many difficulties for Newtonian physics, so as it did not remain any way for keeping it but setting apart or reforming some of the most fundamental concepts such as space and time. Many thinkers believe that relativity theory made some irreparable hurts on Kant’s ...
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Einstein’s theory of relativity made many difficulties for Newtonian physics, so as it did not remain any way for keeping it but setting apart or reforming some of the most fundamental concepts such as space and time. Many thinkers believe that relativity theory made some irreparable hurts on Kant’s philosophy. However, some other thinkers, like Gödel, have tried to read relativity theory in such a way that not only have no contradiction with Kant’s philosophy, but also introduce some affirmations for it. This paper casts light on Gödel’s effort for reconciling relativity theory with Kant’s philosophy in the topic of 'Time'; It also contains some remarks on the point that how conception of time in relativity theory can lead us to defend Idealism. Finally, it would be suggested that for reconciling Kant’s philosophy with modern science, we should both cease his inflexibility about the process of acquiring knowledge and set apart the hypothesis of being unknowable of the thing-in-itself.
Somayeh Rafiqi; zolfqar Hemmati
Abstract
Undoubtedly, the problem of human beings and the recognition of his nature are considered to be the main concerns of Kant. This concern, before he began to write his critical philosophy, led him to research subjects related to human nature, and eventually led him to consider humanity as an answer to ...
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Undoubtedly, the problem of human beings and the recognition of his nature are considered to be the main concerns of Kant. This concern, before he began to write his critical philosophy, led him to research subjects related to human nature, and eventually led him to consider humanity as an answer to the main philosophical question. Kant distinguishes between two types of research on the nature of mankind: the pragmatic research that speaks of it in his ‘anthropology from a pragmatic point of view’, and transcendental research that is called ‘transcendental anthropology’, a term that he did not explain in any of his works. But what does Kant mean by this term and what does this concept mean about humans? In this article we are trying to examine two aspects of the term, the anthropological and transcendental, to clarify Kant’s mind and verify his definition of the human being. This study shows that Kant tries to examine the mental faculties of human beings to understand a priori what can be achieved about him. This study shows that, first, man is nothing but the origin of the laws of nature and can understand the fundamental laws of nature. Secondly, what to do is the moral law imposed upon him by his wit. And finally, what would have hoped is nothing more than that he realizes his ends through moral law and changes the natural world into the moral world.
Hourieh Shojaei Baghini; Einollah khademi
Abstract
In various works of Ibn Sina, there are a number of scattered topics about the subject of pleasure. One of those topics is the definition of pleasure that needs to be thoroughly reviewed in order to achieve a coherent vision. In this paper, we will explore two ways to investigate pleasure quiddity. One ...
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In various works of Ibn Sina, there are a number of scattered topics about the subject of pleasure. One of those topics is the definition of pleasure that needs to be thoroughly reviewed in order to achieve a coherent vision. In this paper, we will explore two ways to investigate pleasure quiddity. One way is through the classification of the six definitions based on the discussion of which each definition is expressed under it, and the other one is by examining the terms used in the definitions. These two methods bring us closer to a better understanding of Avicenna's vision. The first way leads us to the conclusion that the structure of definitions differs according to its subject. With regard to various structures, Ibn Sina has introduced various definitions for various purposes. However, the investigation through the second method shows that Ibn Sina’s view of pleasure is a unitary and coherent viewpoint because, with the use of components such as "perception" and "proper" that constitute the core of all definitions, they have a lexical and conceptual harmony.
