ali akbar aref; ghassem aref
Volume 9, Issue 36 , January 2014, , Pages 83-98
Abstract
One of the subjects which, despite its importance, has been given less attention as a topic of discussion is the distinctive aspects of substantive perceptions from contingent perceptions, and their method of comparison with different scientific subjects. A subject which, in spite of a simple appearance, ...
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One of the subjects which, despite its importance, has been given less attention as a topic of discussion is the distinctive aspects of substantive perceptions from contingent perceptions, and their method of comparison with different scientific subjects. A subject which, in spite of a simple appearance, has many complexities and its understanding requires much effort and utilization of the experiences of previous scholars. Therefore, the present research has addressed a scientific subject, the Communication Element Theorem, from two different dimensions, that is substantive (philosophical) and contingent (catechistic), and on this path, has made use of the comparative study of two key figures of our age, namely Imam Khomeini and Allameh Tabataba’i. We have determined as the basis of the discussion the differentiation between substantive and contingent as the principles of thought of these two notable persons, and based on this differentiation, we have studied and conducted research on Communication Element Theorem, which consists of two dimensions of substantive (the benchmark and reality stage which is the syndetic philosophical existence) and contingent (the verbal and statement of reality stage which is the syndetic meaning).
rouhollah ramezani varzaneh; ahmad ali akbar mesgari
Volume 9, Issue 35 , October 2013, , Pages 83-96
Abstract
This article covers some conceptual analyses made about basic issues in environmental ethics. The analyses were partly concerned with the significance and efficacy of philosophical efforts regarding environmental issues and partly with the methods, arguments, concepts, and ideas common in this field ...
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This article covers some conceptual analyses made about basic issues in environmental ethics. The analyses were partly concerned with the significance and efficacy of philosophical efforts regarding environmental issues and partly with the methods, arguments, concepts, and ideas common in this field of philosophy. The findings led the researchers to conclude that a principlistic attitude is inevitable, and a doer-based or action-based attitude, instead of the common subject-based attitude, towards ethical duties would pave the way for extending human duties to non-human beings. Moreover, a right-based conception of duty would better explain our duty towards non-human beings while “right” is understood according to the notion of “need” rather than “value”.
mojtaba siahi
Abstract
Schematism is the most central concept of Kant's epistemology. He establishes his philosophy on the bases of pure intuition and pure concepts, without them experiential intuition and experiential concepts are not enough for cognition of the real world. According to him, the composition and combination ...
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Schematism is the most central concept of Kant's epistemology. He establishes his philosophy on the bases of pure intuition and pure concepts, without them experiential intuition and experiential concepts are not enough for cognition of the real world. According to him, the composition and combination of these two elements – in fact the combination of sense and reason – is necessary for cognition. Kant thinks that pure concepts can, in combination with reality, help us achieve external reality. This combination can be achieved in connection with pure intuition. This pure intuition is "time" itself. Therefore, pure concepts must be linked to time. Categories are linked to time through schematism. Schematization of the categories takes place through imagination. The present article intends to explain the correct concept of schemata and the quality of its relation to categories.
Khashayar Boroomand; Aliasghar Mosleh
Abstract
The illustration of the fundamental, pre-scientific, presuppositions of natural scientific approaches to psychology, psychiatry and the related areas of research has been one of the most significant achievements of Heidegger's collaboration with the Swiss psychiatrist, Medard Boss. The central issue ...
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The illustration of the fundamental, pre-scientific, presuppositions of natural scientific approaches to psychology, psychiatry and the related areas of research has been one of the most significant achievements of Heidegger's collaboration with the Swiss psychiatrist, Medard Boss. The central issue in this regard is the limitations of research based on the natural scientific orientation in understanding human experience. In this paper, different aspects of the Daseinsanalytic critique of this orientation would be discussed with reference to the four basic problems: the problem of natural scientific calculation, the problem of reality, the problem of human perception, and the problem of the conflation between the motive and the cause of human behavior. While thoughtlessness about these problems may result in scientific absolutism, questioning can free researchers from theoretical dogmas and the problematic ideas especially the idea of the full separation of psychology, as an exact science, similar to the natural modern science, from philosophy.
hedayat alavitabar; fatemeh ghassempour
Abstract
The problem of "personal identity" is among the problems that are applicable to the resurrection life as well as the earthly one. Because based on personal identity and its criteria it would, on the one hand, be determined whether a person who is now, for example, seventy years old is the same person ...
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The problem of "personal identity" is among the problems that are applicable to the resurrection life as well as the earthly one. Because based on personal identity and its criteria it would, on the one hand, be determined whether a person who is now, for example, seventy years old is the same person who was twenty years old fifty years ago, and it would, on the other hand, be known that whether or not the resurrected person is identical with the earthly one. Thinkers has introduced a variety of criteria for personal identity, of which one of the most important is "soul". But rejecting soul, as an immaterial substance, John Hick regards human being as a psychophysical unity and, as a result, "body" would be the criterion for personal identity. Taking bodily resurrection and reconstitution of body for granted, he demonstrates the identity between the resurrected and the earthly persons by showing that their bodies are identical. He, as mentioned above, means by "body" both the physical and psychological aspects of the human being which constitute a unity. Hick sets up three situations through which he tries to prove that though the body in the resurrection world is the "replica" of the earthly body, but nevertheless these two bodies and, therefore, these two persons are the same. Hick's view is criticized by philosophers such as Penelhum, Olding, Clarke, Audi and Flew, and he has replied to some of them.
morteza haj hoseyni
Abstract
The philosophical critiques, in twentieth century, on binary paradigm caused the negation of the law of excluded middle as the same as it caused the establishment of many-valued logics and fuzzy logic, while the laws of excluded middle, identity and contradiction are all fundamental principles of thought ...
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The philosophical critiques, in twentieth century, on binary paradigm caused the negation of the law of excluded middle as the same as it caused the establishment of many-valued logics and fuzzy logic, while the laws of excluded middle, identity and contradiction are all fundamental principles of thought and truth or falsity of each is derived from the truth or falsity of the others. This view point gives rise to some questions as follows: Can we deny these principles and are they fundamental? Otherwise how can we accept the claim of many-valued and fuzzy logicians indicate the negation of the law of excluded middle? Regarding these questions I first show, in this paper, various formulations of those three above laws and then I argue that the inability of binary logic and the necessity of establishment of many-valued logics and fuzzy logic are not in contrary to those three above laws. Besides, it is the connection of the present paper that Aristotle as the first philosopher who has elucidates the laws of contradiction and excluded middle was quite aware of the possibility of ambiguous in some propositions if they contain words which are equivocal. He also appealed to the truth values of both "partially true" and "partially false" to describe those propositions which at some level are vague.
Andrew Gustafson
Abstract
This paper compares the thought of Miff and Mutahhari, particuiar/y their vie1vs of moral education, higher sentiments, and their common values. Itfurthermore argues that Miff and Mutahhari both provide a strong basis for a critique of the consumerivation of culture, ivhich often happens in a giobaiized ...
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This paper compares the thought of Miff and Mutahhari, particuiar/y their vie1vs of moral education, higher sentiments, and their common values. Itfurthermore argues that Miff and Mutahhari both provide a strong basis for a critique of the consumerivation of culture, ivhich often happens in a giobaiized econ
Stephen Palmquist
Abstract
The surprising comment U7ittgenstein malees at the end of his Tractatus suggests that, even thot(f!,h the analysis of tuords is the proper method of doint philosopy, philosopf?fs ultimate aim mqy be to experience silence. Whereas I:Vit(!!,enstein never explains 1vhat he meant kY his C'l)'ptic conclusion, ...
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The surprising comment U7ittgenstein malees at the end of his Tractatus suggests that, even thot(f!,h the analysis of tuords is the proper method of doint philosopy, philosopf?fs ultimate aim mqy be to experience silence. Whereas I:Vit(!!,enstein never explains 1vhat he meant kY his C'l)'ptic conclusion, Kant provides numerous clues as to bo». the same position can he understood in a more complete and systematic 1vqy. Distin,rz,uishin,_rz, betiueen the meani,zrz,s of "silence," "noise" and "sound" provides a helpful 1vqy of understandinrz, hon; philosophers can devote so much effort to anctfyzjng nerds even thot(rz,h their quest is ultimate!J fu!ftlled onb1 in a deep experience of reali-t_y that is most adequate!J expressed in silence.
Samira Royan; Samad Samanian; Masoud Olia
Abstract
Visibility, as a key factor in Foucault’s analyses, had a major role in his thought. It is represented in three ways in his studies: as visual descriptions, as a principle in formation of knowledge, and as a technology of power. Although Foucault’s emphasis on visual descriptions made some ...
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Visibility, as a key factor in Foucault’s analyses, had a major role in his thought. It is represented in three ways in his studies: as visual descriptions, as a principle in formation of knowledge, and as a technology of power. Although Foucault’s emphasis on visual descriptions made some scholars considering him as a visual philosopher, by contrast, his revealing of visibility-power relation, induced others to describe him as an opponent of ocularcentrism and believe that Foucault uses “vision” for “denigration of vision”. Thus, this article, by clarifying Foucault’s approach to “vision” and “visibility”, tries to represent a subtle image of visibility-power relation in his thought. In this article, we will discuss that, although the importance of visibility and vision is perceptible in Foucault’s very first works, but it’s in his genealogies which the relation power-visibility and its role in human subjectivation are highlighted. Power, on the one hand, make visibilities and, on the other hand, these visibilities make power analysis, power exercise, and even intervening in power, possible, in turn. Power, in royal as well as modern societies made profit of visibilities; by displaying its glory, hiding itself, and surveillance. Foucault, emphasizing on visibilities of different eras and its relation to power, tries to show us all the ways of visibility are not possible in any given era, and there are limitations in what we can see.
Bayan Karimi; Seyyed Mostafa Shahraeini; Yusef Nozohur
Abstract
Spinoza is the first and the most important political philosopher to have considered Democracy as the best government. The superiority of Democracy in Spinoza’s political philosophy is based on the metaphysical foundations of his thought. Spinoza has taken two stands regarding the human nature; ...
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Spinoza is the first and the most important political philosopher to have considered Democracy as the best government. The superiority of Democracy in Spinoza’s political philosophy is based on the metaphysical foundations of his thought. Spinoza has taken two stands regarding the human nature; on the one hand, he represents a naturalistic explanation for human-being and introduces Conatus or self-preservation as the first and the most fundamental feature of all natural beings, including human nature. On the other hand, his perfectionist metaphysical system calls for choosing a superior model for human nature by which it can be shown how to be liberated from passions of the soul and to put human beings in the limits of reason by detaching them from irrationalism of desires. Spinoza considers Democracy as superior for it is the most natural and the most rational kind of government; the most natural as it has the highest similarity with the natural state of mankind in which human is free to protect his nature and he has the right to do everything in its power; the most rational as the more the decision makers, the less the possibility of domination of ruinous and irrational passions. Our main question in this paper is how the superiority of Democracy over other governments is the outcome of metaphysical system. The central claim in this paper is that Spinoza’s assertion about superiority of Democracy is comprehensible only when we grasp his interpretation of human nature which is based on his metaphysical foundations.
fatemeh soleimani
Volume 11, Issue 41 , April 2015, , Pages 87-106
Abstract
Abstract
One of the most important issues in epistemology is the relationship between will and knowledge. Replying to this question that “whether the knowledge is a voluntary doing or an involuntary action and according to theologian. Necessary’’ is one of the Old issues of theology ...
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Abstract
One of the most important issues in epistemology is the relationship between will and knowledge. Replying to this question that “whether the knowledge is a voluntary doing or an involuntary action and according to theologian. Necessary’’ is one of the Old issues of theology and philosophy. On the subject of faith and its truth or the knowledge of God, Theologians confronted with this question whether the knowledge of God is voluntary or involuntary and emergency. Herein, from Mu'tazila groups, Nazzam and Jahiz offered theory of natural knowledge, however, these two views is not completely similar. The natural knowledge theory of Al-Jahiz is more complete and pervasive than the subject of faith and the knowledge of God, so that al-Jahiz is accused to the Algebraic knowledge and impossible task in the view of Mu'tazila. In the explanation and analysis of natural knowledge theory and by examining of scattered contents in many and different sources from Al-Jahez, It will appear that a part of human knowledge achieves involuntary and influenced by emotional factors and internal and external demands over the years of his life and also a part of it forms voluntarily and independent of the influence of emotional factors and human's needs.
reza soleyman heshmat; javad taheri
Abstract
In a loose sense of the word, the doctrine of “Trinity” can be seen as the most important doctrine in the Christian theology. The generation of many controversies concerning trinity from the beginning of Christianity, holding the different councils of the church, flourishing of a movement ...
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In a loose sense of the word, the doctrine of “Trinity” can be seen as the most important doctrine in the Christian theology. The generation of many controversies concerning trinity from the beginning of Christianity, holding the different councils of the church, flourishing of a movement called “Heretic” against the official church and the codification of a rich terminology about the trinity, all testify that the mentioned claim is the case. In this paper, it is tried to explicate how the different attitudes are taken to the terminology of the doctrine of trinity and related doctrines. In this regard, debates and terms in the theological protestant context are more discussed than Roman Catholic ones. The main topics discussed in this paper are as follows: the reasons of attributing different names to the triune Hypostases, effects of disputation between the orthodox faithful people and Heretics on the trinity terminology, debates on the attributes and the nature of the unique triune God, the most important issues related to the trinity in different eras and their own theological terms.
reza dehghani; hoseyn kalbasi ashtar
Abstract
One of the main themes in Heidegger’s thought is the genesis of metaphysics. This matter plays a significant role in the fundamental question in the so-called Turn period. In this paper, we will concern about three approaches to the genesis of metaphysics in the mentioned period. Heidegger discusses ...
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One of the main themes in Heidegger’s thought is the genesis of metaphysics. This matter plays a significant role in the fundamental question in the so-called Turn period. In this paper, we will concern about three approaches to the genesis of metaphysics in the mentioned period. Heidegger discusses these three approaches in his three different works: Kant and the problem of metaphysics; What is metaphysics? and Plato’s Doctrine of Truth. In Kant and the problem of metaphysics, he indicates a special interpretation of Kant's views according to the notion of "transcendence". In what is metaphysics? Heidegger discusses the issue through the concepts of "nothingness" and "angst", and in Plato’s Doctrine of Truth, he continues the issue via the interpretation of the "Cave Allegory". Although the released times of these three books is so proximate, Heidegger seeks the foundation of metaphysics in them through completely different approaches. In the first and second book, along with Kant’s project, he attempts to find a foundation for metaphysics through the concept of "Dasein". But in the latter book, Heidegger is in the pursuit of transition from metaphysics and calls metaphysics "forgetting of being". He explains that Plato's introducing "Ideas Theory" is an origin of metaphysics and a departure point from being and forgetting it. In this essay, proposing a general approach, we try to explain the mentioned three approaches and their similarities and differences.
Shervin MirzaeiGhazi; Mostafa Taqavi
Abstract
In this inquiry, we try to find a way to deal with moral problems and dilemmas in the realm of technology. We use a procedure that has been introduced in recent years in applied ethics, which is that of design analogy. According to this procedure, we can draw on insights and structures that are used ...
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In this inquiry, we try to find a way to deal with moral problems and dilemmas in the realm of technology. We use a procedure that has been introduced in recent years in applied ethics, which is that of design analogy. According to this procedure, we can draw on insights and structures that are used in design processes to solve moral problems. Moreover, for the sake of moral evaluation in this structure, we need an ethical theory. Our proposed ethical theories are Kantian rule consequentialism and triple theory, which is a combination of Kantian and Scanlonian contractualism and rule consequentialism. It seems that these formulas do not have the weaknesses of other moral theories, and because they offer a compromise between three moral theories, they can reduce moral disagreement among stakeholders and even decrease the complexity of moral problems. At the end of this paper, with the help of a case study, we will show how we can use this framework in actual instances. We will see that this systematic approach can help us state our problem clearly and comprehensively, and that its steps reduce the complexity of our moral problem. Finally, we will be able to evaluate the case with two efficient moral theories without neglecting any important relevant elements. This will lead us to take the right decision, prohibiting or decreasing disastrous impacts of our actions.
Mohammad Ali Ejeii
Abstract
In his book Asas al-ightibas Tusi speaks of a group of logicians who maintain that modality can be applied in order to modalize the quantity of a proposition. The standard view maintains that in a modalized proposition the modal term can only qualify the relation of the predicate to the subject. Avicenna ...
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In his book Asas al-ightibas Tusi speaks of a group of logicians who maintain that modality can be applied in order to modalize the quantity of a proposition. The standard view maintains that in a modalized proposition the modal term can only qualify the relation of the predicate to the subject. Avicenna has argued for the first thesis, and a group of well-known logicians followed him. Tusi disagreed. As Tusi precedes some of these logicians the question remains unsettled. The purpose of this article is to articulate the thesis first, and then to discuss Avicenna's reason for proposing it. The article argues that the data he offers in support of his thesis can be interpreted differently, and thus, it is argued that the thesis remains unjustified.
yousef shaghol; leysam sefid khosh
Abstract
Rawls’ theory of justice enjoys all characteristics of a comprehensive conceptual system, and like any such a system, it embraces a special method nature of which has a definite influence on the content of the theory. The main methodological concepts of his theory consist in the ideas of the contract ...
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Rawls’ theory of justice enjoys all characteristics of a comprehensive conceptual system, and like any such a system, it embraces a special method nature of which has a definite influence on the content of the theory. The main methodological concepts of his theory consist in the ideas of the contract doctrine, the original position, the veil of ignorance and the reflective equilibrium. The content of these concepts and their relationships with each others and also with another relavant concepts in an cpmprehensive political theory is one of the most important qustions to which commentators and critics have payed attention. For instance, Doworkin has analized the relations between Rawlsian methodology right-based, goal-based and duty-based theories and aloso the constituitive and the natural model. Tomas Nigel is in about this claim that the final result derived from the Rawlsian method would lead to a just position. Calling Rwals` method a kind of `fictionalization`, Davide Hall has objected the possibility of actualization of this theory. In this paper, we try to focus on and categorize some important critical viwes conerning the Rawlsian methodology.
ala turani
Seyyed Hamidreza Zakaria; Alireza Mollaiy Tavani
Abstract
The aim of the present research is to reveal Kasravi’s ontological presuppositions in History of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran and Eighteen-year History of Azerbaijan and then to criticize the epistemological results of these presuppositions in Kasravi’s historiography based on the ...
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The aim of the present research is to reveal Kasravi’s ontological presuppositions in History of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran and Eighteen-year History of Azerbaijan and then to criticize the epistemological results of these presuppositions in Kasravi’s historiography based on the Concept of Heidegger’s Historicity. According to this, the main question of the present research is, how and on what basis does Kasravi define the subject of his historiography? The research findings show that the subject of Kasravi’s historiography is not the Historical Matter as a Shaping Verb. Kasravi’s historiography includes the Anti-historical Concept of Repetition. The Concept of the Traditional is absent in his historiography, Hence, the New Matter has become something groundless and this means Kasravi has not been able to understand the Dialectic of Discontinuity and Continuity hidden in the Historical Matter and to discover the Concept of Historicity. In other words, Kasravi has no basis for define the subject of historical question and research.
naser mo'meni; mehdi ganjvar
Abstract
Although in Koran, other Divine books and a lot of Traditions, God has been negated of similar and like; but He has been described to have model and exemplar. To representing the soul to God has been more noticeable in Gnostists’ statements, and has been used by various terms. Among them, MollaSadra ...
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Although in Koran, other Divine books and a lot of Traditions, God has been negated of similar and like; but He has been described to have model and exemplar. To representing the soul to God has been more noticeable in Gnostists’ statements, and has been used by various terms. Among them, MollaSadra by utilizing from mystical and religious doctrines, has considered particularly modeling the human self, and in his works has achieved two-way results. Since the human soul has been considered for nature, attributes and actions as example of God; so by knowing the self can conceive God better; as by knowing God, may access to self-cognition, and other consequences. The signification note is that the use of such attitude by MollaSadra is deliberate and exactly methodical , and includes of much ontological, anthropological and epistemological consequences; So it seems that its understanding and satisfying value is better than intellectual arguments for solving some philosophical and doctrines problems ,and in cases, it has substituted instead of certain intellectual reason or has covered its deficiencies.
Seyed Masoud Zamani
Abstract
The present paper aims to show that Heidegger’s concept of “facticity” is the primary form of his Dasein concept. Firstly, it explicates the three components of facticity meaning: 1. the concretion and reality; 2. the human individual characteristics; 3. the historicality which is based ...
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The present paper aims to show that Heidegger’s concept of “facticity” is the primary form of his Dasein concept. Firstly, it explicates the three components of facticity meaning: 1. the concretion and reality; 2. the human individual characteristics; 3. the historicality which is based on the "averageness" and "everydayness" of Dasein or facticity. The textual bases of the paper are Heidegger’s writings known as Report to Natorp (the beginning of autumn 1922) and his lecture Ontology (The Hermeneutics of Facticity) (summer 1923). Based on these two texts, the paper, secondly, argues that facticity and Dasein are identical, due to their shared characteristics: anxiety, everydayness, death, care, Being-in-the-world, language, temporality, and finally existence. The paper tries to distance methodologically from the current Heidegger’s studies, which are extremely founded on Being and Time.
mohamad hossein bayat
Volume 10, Issue 39 , October 2014, , Pages 95-116
Abstract
Abstract
When one hears Ibn Arabi’s name, theoretical mysticism comes to the listener’s mind, and the individual will think that the collection of his famous works revolve around explaining the Islamic mysticism, with subjects such as ecstatic punishment of the Hereafter, the caliphate, ...
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Abstract
When one hears Ibn Arabi’s name, theoretical mysticism comes to the listener’s mind, and the individual will think that the collection of his famous works revolve around explaining the Islamic mysticism, with subjects such as ecstatic punishment of the Hereafter, the caliphate, the Imamate, government etc. However, after focusing deeply in his works, one understands that subjects of discourse and jurisprudence are mentioned by this author which have been mixed with mystic topics. The subject of punishment in the Hereafter and its being eternal or not is one of the controversial subject in the science of discourse, on which different schools of discourse in Islam have proposed different opinions based on their own mindset. Nonetheless, none of these groups have cast doubt on the eternity of this punishment in Hell for some of the sinner. On the other hand, they have ruled this punishment as certain and have stayed strictly committed to the texts of Quranic verses.
Similarly, Ibn Arabi has discussed this subject with a mystic style. However, he has not stayed committed to the hundreds of verses and rational proofs and has clearly opposed the eternality of punishment, the realization of punishment and divine promises regarding these issues. He has also claimed that all humans will eventually enjoy God’s gifts in the eternal Hereafter, though the quality of these gifts differs between those who go to Heaven and those who go to Hell. The author of the present article has criticized Ibn Arabi’s viewpoint and, based on citations from the Quran and rational proofs, has reprobated this perspective.
ali moradkhani; peyman pour ghannad
Abstract
This essay is to find distinctive aspects of a priori synthetic statements, whose judgment depends upon categories of understanding, in comparison to Hume’s discussion of abstraction and meaning. Through logical analysis of statements containing Kant’s Categories, we will demonstrate that ...
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This essay is to find distinctive aspects of a priori synthetic statements, whose judgment depends upon categories of understanding, in comparison to Hume’s discussion of abstraction and meaning. Through logical analysis of statements containing Kant’s Categories, we will demonstrate that the categories of Quality and Quantity, excluding the category of Universality, contain no mental concept unlikely to be experienced; they are therefore merely expressive of logical structures – a fact also acknowledged by empiricists – not as essential conditions for judgment. The categories of Modality, if meaningful, are perceivable only by mind not through experience. As for the conditional judgments, the Category of Causality will be discussed more precisely in this paper. It will be shown that the empiricist approach is incompatible with Kant’s theory in respect to the essence of causal relation, but compatible with it concerning the very existence of such relation. Here, we are not to deal with the Category of Substance or the Category of Reciprocity, since they are simply irrelevant to our discussions.
Mehdi Zamani; Reza Taghian Varzaneh
Volume 11, Issue 43 , October 2015, , Pages 97-112
Abstract
In their meta-ethical views known as constructivism and prescriptivism respectively, John Rawls and Richard Mervin have criticized the traditional views toward objectivity from an anti-realistic position. Both thinkers reject the existence of the moral facts existing in the outside world independent ...
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In their meta-ethical views known as constructivism and prescriptivism respectively, John Rawls and Richard Mervin have criticized the traditional views toward objectivity from an anti-realistic position. Both thinkers reject the existence of the moral facts existing in the outside world independent of the moral subject; they are also against the intuitionism as a representative of this conception of objectivity. Yet, these two thinkers introduce themselves as the believers of the objectivity of moral principles. They believe that verifiability and falsifiability, universalizability, and the possibility of the moral reasoning are among the requirements of the objectivity in ethics and that their views meet such requirements. These requirements are fulfilled by the key functions of "impartiality'" and "justice" in Rawls' theory and by the emphasis on "putting oneself in others' position" in Hare's view. To avoid subjectivity, therefore, they argue for another conception of objectivity of which the characteristic feature is totality and generality originated from Kant's thoughts. These two views are anti-realistic, but Rawls' theory has the features of both cognitivism and descriptivism; unlike Hare who is anti-cognitivist and anti-descriptivist. The purpose of the present essay is the study of the similarities and differences of these two views to objectivity in ethics.
mostafa momeni; Jahangir Masoudi
Abstract
Despite this fact that epistemology has not been regarded as a science and branch in Islamic philosophy, Islamic philosophers spoke about the ontological debates on the topic of so-called modern-epistemology. Although the approach of rationalism and experientialism has several criteria, it is undeniable ...
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Despite this fact that epistemology has not been regarded as a science and branch in Islamic philosophy, Islamic philosophers spoke about the ontological debates on the topic of so-called modern-epistemology. Although the approach of rationalism and experientialism has several criteria, it is undeniable that this discussion and division are among the new topics of epistemology and such terms, with the approach in epistemology, have not been popular in the thinking of Islamic philosophers. Nevertheless, it is possible to think about their way of thinking: experimentation or rationalism. The fact that is well-known is that they are rational philosophers, and Ibn-e Sina does the same. In current study, four criteria for rationality or experimentation are expressed: 1. the existence and the lack of intrinsic perceptions, 2. the means of acquiring knowledge, 3. the origin of attestation, and 4. the existence and absence of a priori certifications. Then, by referring to Ibn-e-Sina's statements, the rationale or experimental nature of the epistemic instrument examined him according to each criterion which leads to strengthening the hypothesis that, not in general, but in most of its criteria, it is more inclined to experientialism than rationalism Therefore, it is possible to sum up these two views, namely, the "authenticity of reason and experience" in Ibn-e Sina's thinking.
philosophy
fatemeh rezazadeh; Ahmad Ali Heidari
Abstract
One of the complications of Badiou's theory of the subject is that he did not provide a uniform and specific definition of the subject; And in reading his works, we are faced with different definitions of the subject, especially the subject of art. The basic question of this research is how we can provide ...
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One of the complications of Badiou's theory of the subject is that he did not provide a uniform and specific definition of the subject; And in reading his works, we are faced with different definitions of the subject, especially the subject of art. The basic question of this research is how we can provide a comprehensive and understandable definition of the subject of art in Alain Badiou's subject theory. Considering the efforts that have been made before to answer this question, this research aims to provide a new answer to this question. Unlike his predecessors and greatly influenced by Lacan, Badiou introduces a subject that is created during a process of truth. A subject that did not exist before the occurrence of an event and is created in a historical or artistic situation; But the complexity of Badiou's definition lies in the fact that despite having human characteristics, such as loyalty to an event, this subject is not a human person. Badiou introduces both the artwork and the artist as subjects in an artistic situation; And according to Badiou's definitions and subjectization procedure in Badiou's thought, we answered the question that in an artistic situation we are faced with the artist-work pair as a part of the subject faithful to the artistic event.
